Tiggangay, Jeremias B. 1992. Effects of Rhizobial Inoculation on Soy Bean Planted in Between Rostrata Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Nodule production is greatly influenced by the introduction of rhizobia that infects the root hairs of legumes. The rhizobia and leguminous plant work symbiotically in producing nodules which will later fix atmospheric nitrogen (N).

This study was conducted to determine the effects of inoculation on soybean planted in between rostrata species.

The study used Split Plot Design and the different treatments used were the following: Mainplot: L₀ - without inoculation; L₁ - with inoculation; Subplot: R₀ - without rostrata; R₁ - with rostrata.

The results revealed that soybean planted in between rostrata species showed no significant differences on the height of plant at blooming stage, diameter of nodules, number of nodules/plant, average number of seeds/pod, weight of 100 soybean seeds, yield/plot, and yield/hectare. However, the inoculated soybeans significantly affected the height, average number of pods/plant, diameter of nodules, average number of nodules/plant.

Crops + Calamansi trees

Abdullah, Lominog U. 1993. Effect of Plantin g Distance and Seeding Rates of Mungbean (Var. ID- 21) Intercropped with Calamansi Trees. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Planting distance and seeding rates of mungbean are necessary for smaller output in planting and bigger input in harvesting, especially if planted in between trees like calamansi.

This study was conducted at DMMMSU-NLUC to determine the effects of the planting distance and seeding rates on the performance of mungbean. It employed with 3 x 3 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments used were Factor A (distance of planting) D_o- 50 x 25 cm, (control, recommended), D₁ -50 cm x 15 cm and D₂– 50cm x 50cm and Factor B (seeding rates S), S₀ – 2 seeds/hill (control – recommended), S₁ – 3 seeds/hill, S₂– 4 seeds/hill.

The results revealed that the mungbean plants of different distances of planting had no significant differences in terms of height at maturity, length of pods, number of pods, seeds yield/hill, and net income/hectare.

On seeding rates used, 3 and 4 seeds/hill was comparable in terms of height with respective means of 88.36cm but two seeds/hill was significantly lower. Four seeds/hill had significantly greater number of pods/hill, seed yield and net income /hill.

The interaction between distance of planting and seeding rates showed that only the height of mungbean at maturity gave a significant result. The tallest was obtained by the plants spaced at 50cm x 50cm with 4 seeds/hill while the shortest were those plants spaced at 50cm x 25cm with 2 seeds/hill.

Results showed that mungbean plants planted at a distance of 50cm x 15cm with 4 seeds/hill had the highest net income of P1,167.14/ha.

The different planting distance used had no significant differences in all the parameters. Mungbean intercropped with calamansi with a distance of 59cm x 15cm with 4 seeds/hill is recommended for higher income.

Alambra, Shiela., 2001. Growth and Yield of Multiplier Onion (Allium cepa Linn.) Intercropped with Calamansi as Affected by Mulching Materials. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Mulching minimizes cultivation and weeding and also conserves soil moisture and soil temperature which are highly contributory to good yield.

The study was conducted to determine the performance of onion as affected by mulching materials, namely: control, rice straw, dried cogon and dried banana leaves.

An area of 100 square metes planted with 14-year-old calamansi spaced 2.5m x 2.6m and had an average height of 6 meters was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design.

Results revealed that the mulching materials such as rice straw, dried banana leaves and dried cogon grass had comparable effect on multiplier onion in terms of the average plant height 120 days after planting, average number of bulblets per plant, average fresh weight of bulblets per plot and average dry weight of bulblets per plot. However, mulching materials have influenced the height of multiplier onion at 60 days after planting

Bongolan, Rodrigo L. Jr., 2000. Growth and Yield of Ginger (Zingeber officinale Rosc.) Planted Between Calamansi Trees as Affected by Organic Manure. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

To improve the growth and yield of a crop, fertilizer application becomes necessary. Organic fertilizers such as chicken dung and other waste manure of animals can be used as substitute for commercial fertilizer to supplement the necessary nutrients needed by the plants to maintain their growth and development.

This study intended to find out which of the animal manures tested could give the highest growth and yield of ginger under calamansi trees and to find out the cost and return of the study. An area of 120 square meters orchard of 4-year-old, healthy and vigorous calamansi trees with an spacing of 2m x 2m with a height of approximately 3-4 meters was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with 5 treatments and 3 blocks. The treatments used were the following: T₀– no application, T₁– 0.3kg Urea, T₂ – 29.64kg carabao manure, T₃ – 24.0kg chicken manure, and T₄ – 11.75kg silkworm manure. Height at 30, 60 and 90 days after harvesting, number of pillar, number of tiller per hill, average weight of harvested ginger rhizomes per hill and average weight of ginger rhizomes/ha and yield per plot were the data gathered and analyzed using ANOVA of RCBD.

Results showed no significant differences on the height of ginger 30, 60, and 90 days after plating, number of tillers 30 and 60 days after planting, and the average number of pillar per hill. However, on the average number of tillers 90 days after planting, a significant result was observed among the treatment means. Silkworm manure resulted to the highest number of tillers which is significantly more than the other treatments.

On the other hand, ginger plants fertilized with commercial fertilizers still produced the tallest plants.

Castañeda, Dionito P. 1990. Performance of Tomato (Vc- lines) Grown in Between Calamansi as Affected by Different Levels of Chicken Manure. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping vegetables under calamansi plantation can increase the farmers’ income and at the same time improve the productivity of the lands.

The study was conducted to determine the productivity of the tomato applied with varying levels of chicken dung grown under calamansi and to determine the best level favorable for production of tomato.

The Randomized Complete Block Design was used with the following treatments; T₁ - 67.14 tons/ha T₂- 100.72 tons/ha and T₃ - 134.029 tons / ha.

Findings of the study revealed insignificant results on the growth and yield performance of tomato grown under calamansi as affected by the varying levels of chicken dung.

Therefore, application of chicken dung as fertilizer for tomato is not applicable, as revealed by the result of this study.

Cleto, Rafael M. 2002. Growth and Yield of Ginger (Zingeber officinale Rosc.) in Between Calamansi Trees as Affected by Frequency of Foliar Fertilization. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping contributes to the production of more quality crops with high yields and it can minimize soil erosion. One among the potential agricultural crops to be intercropped in an agroforestry system is ginger. It is widely used for flavoring and in preparation of drinks, food, perfume and drugs.

The study was conducted to determine the best frequency of foliar fertilization that could give the highest growth and yield of ginger planted in between calamansi trees. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks; each block was divided into five plots. The treatments used were T₀ – control; T₁ – once spraying, 30 days after planting (DAP); T₂ – 2 times spraying,30 and 60 DAP; T₃ – 3 times spraying, 30, 60 and 90 DAP; and T₄ – 4 times spraying, 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAP.

Results showed no significant differences on the height of ginger plants and number of shoots at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after planting. Ginger sprayed with foliar fertilizer four times produced the heaviest rhizomes per hill and per plot, and they had the highest mean leaf area. Ginger can be grown in between calamansi trees even without application of foliar fertilizer provided that there is a basal fertilizer of the urea (45-0-0) at the rate of 1.88g per hill.

Dingle, Ligaya G. 2001. Growth and Yield of Pechay Planted in Between Calamansi Trees as Affected by Kinds of Fertilizer. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Fertilization is one means of improving soil fertility to hasten growth and development of crops. Fertilizer is important factor to consider in the solution of nutritional deficiency in almost any kind of plant. It also promotes faster growth and higher survival of outplanted seedlings especially in poor soil.

This study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of pechay planted in between calamansi trees as affected by kinds of inorganic fertilizer. An area of approximately 72 sqm was prepared and laid-out, following the Randomized Complete Block Design. It was divided into four blocks and each block was further divided into four plots where treatments were randomly assigned.

Results of the study revealed highly significant effect on the height, number of leaves and weight of pechay plants sprayed with Bayfolan. Pechay without fertilizer was consistently the lowest in terms of height, number of leaves and the lightest in terms of yield.

Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends Bayfolan in order to obtain the tallest height, most number of leaves produced, heaviest weight of plant at maturity as well as the weight of marketable yield. It was also recommended that any of the inorganic fertilizer (foliar and basal) may be used in the production of pechay in between calamansi trees.

Florania, Rowena O. 2001. Performance of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus Linn.) Intercropped with Calamansi as Affected by Different Seeding Rates. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Seeding rate is one of the most important factors that affect the growth and yield of a crop. If the seeds are to be planted in great number, overcrowding of plants may result and consequently production is reduced.

This study aimed to determine the effects of four seeding rates on the growth and yield of okra planted under 15-year-old calamansi trees. A total area of 58.5sqm including alleys was used and laid-out using Randomized Complete Block Design in three blocks with the following treatments: T₁ – 2 seeds per hill, T₂– 3 seeds per hill and T₃ – 4 seeds per hill.

The results revealed that the seeding rates used did not significantly affect the growth and yield of okra plants when intercropped with calamansi trees. Although, sowing of 4 seeds per hill resulted to the tallest plants 30 days after sowing, sowing of 2 seeds per hill gave the longest marketable pod per plot, and resulted to the highest number of harvested pods per plot, heaviest weight and highest number of harvested pods per plot, heaviest weight of harvested green pods per hill, which resulted to the highest computed yield in kg per hectare.

Based on the results, the best seeding rate for okra is 2 seeds /hill.

Leones, Alberto S. 1990. Performance of Two Forage Species Planted in Between Calamansi Plants. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Forage crops like centrocema and siratro are legume plants that fix nitrogen to other crops like calamansi trees, if planted near it makes a good source of feed for grazing animals because of its high protein content.

The study was conducted to determine the performance of these two forage species (centrocema and siratro), planted in between calamansi plants conducted from January 11, 1990 to April 11, 1990.

The result showed that centrocema had greater monthly length increment than that of siratro. The T – test revealed significant differences between the treatments used. On fresh weight, dry weight and computed yield of fresh weight per hectare, centrocema was heavier. However, the t-test showed no significant differences.

Based on the results of the study, the two forage species are comparable in monthly length increment and mean total length with no significant differences in terms of fresh weight, dry weight and computed yield per hectare.

Potingan, Joy W. 2001. Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata Linn.) Intercropped with Calamansi as Affected by Different Seeding Rate. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Agroforestry is a system of land management whereby forest trees and agricultural products are produced on appropriate and suitable areas simultaneously or sequentially for the social, economic, and ecological benefits of the community.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seeding rates on the growth and yield of mungbean.

An area of approximately 58.5 sqm was used and prepared following the Randomized Complete Block Design. It was divided into three blocks and each block was further subdivided into three plots where treatments were randomly assigned; T₁ - 2 seeds per hill; T₂ - 3 seeds per hill; T₃ - 4 seeds per hill.

Results revealed that 2 seeds per hill obtained the greatest number of pods per plant, while the rest of the parameters showed comparable effects of the treatments particularly on the height of seedlings at maturity, number of pods per hill/plant, weight of dry seeds per plot and yield in kilometers per hectare.

The best seeding rate is 4 seeds per hill because it resulted to the highest yield in kg/ha.

Ramos Jonathan. 2003. Profitability of Different Cash Crops in Between Calamansi Plantation Under La Union Conditions. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping of vegetable cash crops on calamansi plantation during rainy season is a common practice in the Ilocos wherein the environmental condition is considered favorable particularly in La Union. However, in many cases the intercropping schemes are unsuccessful due to the incompatibility of the intercrops and main crops mix or combination.

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield of four kinds of vegetable as intercrops for calamansi trees and to determine which is the most profitable. Using the Randomized Complete Block Design, there were four replications with the following treatments: T₁ – eggplant (long purple); T₂ – pole sitao (UPL PS #3); T₃ – pepper (pimmasayan); and T₄ – okra (smooth green).

Findings of the study revealed that eggplant was the most profitable vegetable intercrop in calamansi plantations.

Untalan, Jessheril. 1998. Performance of Baby Corn (Cargill var.) Intercropped with Calamansi Trees as Affected by Different Levels of Silkworm Waste. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Like in any other crops, proper nutrition is one of the utmost considerations in crop production, hence, the use of appropriate amount of fertilizer is indispensable.

This study aimed to determine which silkworm waste level would give the best growth and yield of baby corn intercropped with calamansi trees. The study was laid-out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks and six treatments. The different treatments used were: T₀– control; T₁– 90kg/ha urea (15-0-0); T₂ - 60kg/ha N of silkworm waste; T₃- 63kg/ha N of silkworm waste + 27kg/ha urea; T₄ – 90kg/ha N of silkworm waste + 27kg/ha urea; and T₅ – 117kg/ha N of silkworm waste + 27 kg/ha urea.

Results showed no significant differences on all parameters gathered such as height of corn at maturity, length and diameter of corn cobs, weight of husked and unhusked corn cobs, above-ground biomass and classification according to weight of unhusked corn cobs (Class A, B, and C).

Based on the results, corn fertilized with 90kg/ha N of silkworm waste + 27kg/ha urea produced the tallest plant at maturity, heaviest unhusked corn cobs, largest diameter of corn cobs and heaviest of above-ground biomass. Hence, this treatment is recommended.

Crops + Tamarind

Gaboy, Helen G. 1997. Response of Baby Corn (Hybrid cargill) Intercropped with Tamarind as Affected by Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer under La Union Condition. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Agrisilvicultural system or the intercropping of agronomic crops like baby corn in between forest trees like tamarind contributes to the productivity and efficiency of forest lands, forest conservation and in enriching soil fertility.

The study was conducted to determine the best rate of fertilizer for the growth and yield of baby corn intercropped with tamarind and the cost and return of such intercropping.

The area was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks and each block was subdivided further into four plots. Each plot measured 1m x 3m. Treatments used were T₀ – no fertilizer or control; T₁ – 25kg N/ha; T₂ – 50kg N/ha; and T₃ – 75kg N/ha.

Results revealed that 75kg N/ha (T₃) produced the tallest plants and most number of baby corn ears. All applied treatments have no marked differences on cob corn diameter. Of all treatments used, T₃ application produced the highest net profit.

Inggay, Julio B. 2000. Performance of Sweet Corn (Zea maize Linn.) Intercropped with Tamarind as Affected By Three Sources of Nitrogen Fertilizer. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Sweet corn is one of the popular crops in the world because of the many uses and benefits that could be derived from it. In the Philippines, it ranks next to rice as the staple crop in production and consumption. With the usefulness of sweet corn, there is a need to increase its production and one way is through intercropping.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of urea, ammonium sulfate and their combinations on the growth and yield of sweet corn variety, Supper Sweet EW, intercropped with tamarind. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was used in the study.

Results of the study revealed that corn monoculture fertilized with ammonium sulfate + urea were the tallest, earliest to flower, earliest to bear fruits, and had the heaviest green biomass. The corn plants under control were the shortest, latest to flower, latest to bear fruit, and had the lowest green biomass. ANOVA revealed significant differences among treatment means. In terms of corn ear weight, length and diameter, corn monoculture fertilized with ammonium sulfate + urea surpassed those corns under control. The weight, length and diameter of husked corn ear revealed significant result among treatment means.

Based on the results of the study, sweet corn may not be fertilized given such similar conditions. The researcher recommends the use of any of the three nitrogen fertilizers and a similar study should be conducted to verify/establish the result.

Jimenez, Jimmy A. 1999. Performance of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linn) Cultivars in Between Four Year Old Tamarind. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

One Agroforestry system is intercropping or the combination of agricultural crops such as sweet potato with four-year old tamarind. Potatoes are grown and provide early products. Rural farmers commonly use relatively easy cultural requirements to help farmers in the maximization of production even in a small farm.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of varietal differences on the survival, growth and yield of sweet potato as intercrops with four-year old tamarind trees.

Two hundred forty vigorous cuttings of sweet potato cultivars were used. An area of 36 square meters with existing four-year old tamarind, of three percent slope and partially shaded by trees of about 30-35% was used in the study. The tamarind saplings were pruned to one meter high to eliminate shading effect of the sweet potato plants. The study was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks and each block were divided to four plots. The different treatments of potato cultivars used were: T₀ – NPSP64 (Check variety), T₁ – VSP5, T₂ – VSBS17 and T₃ – 90-07-02.

Results of the study revealed that PSBS17 had the highest number of secondary vines per plant and highest percentage survival. Analysis of variance on all the foregoing parameters revealed insignificant differences. VSP5 had the highest number of marketable tubers per plot and yield per hectare. Analysis of variance on both the number of tubers per plot and yield per plot revealed significant differences with VSP5 and PSBS17 consistently comparable with each other.

Based on the results, cultivars VSP5 and PSBS17 are recommended to be planted in between four-year old tamarind.

Crops + Fast Growing Trees

Baniqued, Corazon. (1983). Performance of Cassava (Golden Yellow) Planted Under Four Different Fast Growing Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

With the various uses of cassava (Manihot utilisima), there is a great need to increase its production by increasing the area for the growing of the crop. The utilization of the interspaces between tree plants will lead to maximum land usage.

The study was conducted to determine which of the different tree species would give the highest growth and yield of cassava. The treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments used were: T_A – yemane, T_B – mollucan sau, T_C – bagras, T_D – giant ipil-ipil.

Results of the study revealed that cassava planted under mollucan sau showed the highest monthly weight and were the tallest five months after planting while the lowest were cassava planted under yemane trees, On the other hand, cassava planted under bagras produced the most number of storage roots per plant, high average yield per plot and computed yield in kilogram per hectare. Cassava planted under giant ipil-ipil produced the most number of marketable storage roots per plot.

Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that cassava planted under mollucan sau attained the highest height increment, and cassava planted under bagras produced the most storage roots and the highest computed yield per hectare.

Dalay-on, Jessie T. 1984. Performance of Cassava (Manihot utilisima-Var. Golden Yellow) Planted under Four Different Fast Growing Tree Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Plantations were developed for varied reasons not only for the utilization of wood but also their contribution to ecology. They can also be intercropped with cash or food crops which is one solution to the food shortage prevailing in the country.

This study was conducted to determine the performance of cassava planted under four different fast growing tree species and to find out which of these species would produce the best plants in terms of height and storage yield of cassava.

The study used Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. Each replication was divided into four plots totaling to 12 plots. The different treatments used were: A - Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume), B - Mollucan sau (Albizia falcataria (L0 Fosb.), C -Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena Leucocephala) D - Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)

Results revealed that cassava planted under Mollucan sau had the greatest monthly height increment and the lowest is planted under Yemane. Cassava planted under Mollucan sau produced the most storage roots and the least were planted under Yemane. Cassava planted under giant ipil-ipil had the most marketable storage roots while the least were planted under yemane. Cassava planted under Mollucan Sau gave the highest yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.

Cassava var. Golden Yellow when planted under Mollucan sau, Bagras and Giant ipil-ipil were comparable in all parameters observed. It was not applicable to yemane due to their poor exposure to sunlight enabling them to perform an abnormal photosynthetic activity. Planting cassava var. Golden Yellow under Mollucan sau, giant ipil-ipil and bagras is recommended and further studies should be conducted using wider spacing of the perennial crops.

Talledo, Arturo T. 1983. Performance of Cassava (Manihot utilisima-Golden Yellow Variety) Planted Under Four Different Fast Growing Tree Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines.

Cassava is one of the potential root crops rich in carbohydrates. With its multiplicity of uses, there is a great need for its increased production by using the hectarage for the growing of this crop. The utilization of the interspaces between tree plantations could be very well augment the present area for its production.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of planting cassava under four different fast growing tree species on the performance of the crop in terms of growth and yield.

The area is gradually sloping with an approximately slope ranges from 25˚ to 35˚. Cassava cuttings with a length of 20-25 cm were planted one meter between hills and one meter between rows at a slanting position. There were four treatments, replicated two times using Randomized Complete Block Design. The following treatments used were T_a – Yemane, (Gmelina arborea Roxb); T_b – Bagras, (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume); T_c – Mollucan sau, (Albizia falcataria Fosb); T_d – Ipil – ipil, (Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit).

Results revealed that cassava planted under ipil-ipil trees consistently had the highest monthly height increment, most number of storage roots per plant, most number of marketable storage roots per plot and highest computed yield in kilogram per hectare. Analyses of variance in all data gathered were not significant.

Planting cassava under any of the four fast growing tree species is recommended to maximize the use of the land.

Crops + Acacia auriculiformis

Sotelo, Maricar B., 1998. Growth and Yield of Three Open Pollinated Varieties of White Corn (Zea maize, Linn.) Intercropped with Acacia. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Growing two crops at the same period and place will not only save time but will also add income and productivity of the area.

The study aimed to determine which of the three pollinated varieties of white corn (native variety, Tubao glutinous variety and macapuno variety) would give the best growth and yield when intercropped with acacia.

An area of 72 square meter with an average slope of 15%, planted with 5-year-old pruned at about 1.5 meters height Acacia auriculiformis, spaced at 1m x 2m with a height of 6-8 meters was used and laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 blocks.

Based on the results, Tubao glutinous variety significantly took longer days from emergence to flowering compared to the other two varieties which were comparable to each other. However, on the weight of husked and unhusked corn ears, and yield in tons per hectare, analysis of variance showed insignificant result.

Based on the findings, any of the three pollinated varieties of white corn can be intercropped with Acacia auriculiformis.

Crops + MPTS

Blaza, Leopoldo & Fraulien Mendoza. 1980. Comparative Study on the Yield of Different Varieties of Cassava Planted in Mixed Forest Stand Under DMMMSU Condition. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

With the importance brought about by cassava, it is necessary to find out which among the different varieties is suited for intercropping in the locality forested area condition. Most of the farmers are still ignorant as to what would be the best variety of cassava to be planted.

The study was conducted to determine which among the three varieties of cassava planted in mixed forest stand under DMMMSU condition will thrive best and give the highest yield. Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications and three treatments was used in the study. The treatments used were the following: A- golden yellow, B – native variety, C- white variety.

Results of the study revealed that treatment A gave the highest yield, followed by treatment B and C. In terms of average number of storage roots, treatment A registered the highest average followed by treatment B and C.

Based from the results of the study, the researchers recommend that any of the different varieties of cassava can be planted in mixed forest stand under DMMMSU condition.

Cruz, Enrico C. 1997. Performance of Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) Intercropped at Different Distances From the Base of Selected MPTS. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Agroforestry is considered one viable solution to counteract the emerging socio-economic and ecological problems. Regenerating denuded upland area by planting multi-purpose tree species at the same time cultivating high value crops can promote good impact on the socio-economic, biological, and aesthetic advancement of the community.

The study aimed to determine the productivity of garlic intercropped at different distances from the base of four selected MPTs and was laid out using the 3x4 Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design which was replicated three times. The different treatments used were as follows: Factor A – different MPTs (T₁ – Acacia auriculiformis, T₂ – Samanea saman, T₃ – Albizia lebbek, and T₄ – Leucaena diversifolia) and Factor B – different distances of planting garlic from the base of MPTs (D₁ – 30cm, D₂ – 50cm and D₃ – 70cm).

Results of the study showed that garlic intercropped with Albizia lebbek did not show significant difference; the three distances from the base of MPTS did not affect the growth of garlic; garlic planted at distance 1 had the highest net income, and there was no interaction effect on different MPTS and distance of planting in all the parameters considered in the study.

Based on the results of the study, intercropping garlic at 30cm away from the base of 16-month old MPTS use is recommended.

Gallardo, Sheila M. 1997. Performance of Three Upland Rice Varieties Intercropped with Indigenous MPTS. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In view of the rapid population growth and greater demand for foods, cultural aspects like intercropping may contribute towards the production of more quality of crops and higher yields.

This study aimed to determine which of the different upland rice varieties and indigenous multi-purpose trees (MPTs) would give the best growth and yield when planted in upland area.

The study was laid-out using Split Plot Design with three (3) replications with the following treatments: Main plot (Species): S₁ - Kamachile; S₂ – Tamarind; S₃ - Anchoan dilaw Sub plot (Varieties): V₁ - UPLRi- 7; V₂- C-22; V₃ - PSBRc-1.

Results of the study showed that UPLRi-7 significantly produced the longest panicle. The results of the parameters did not vary significantly among upland rice varieties. Panicle length, total spikelets count per panicle, biomass of the rice straw of the different upland rice varieties did not respond favorably to the MPTS.

The interaction between upland rice varieties and the species did not influence the height and length of panicle, total percentage spikelets, weight of 1000 grains and computed grain yield/ha of the different upland rice varieties.

The researcher recommends any of the different upland rice varieties to be used as intercrop to the MPTs.

Suliva, Jocelyn de Vera. 1993. Yield Performance of Peanut (UPL PN4 Variety) Planted in Between Different Multi-Purpose Tree Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping is one method of producing several crops in the same area at a particular time. A stand of multi-purpose tree species are good nurse trees for cash crops. It improves the soil fertility of the area through the nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere.

The study was conducted to determine the yield performance of peanut planted in between different multi-purpose tree species. The area was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments and three replications. The treatments used were T0 - control (no inputs); T₁ - Acacia auriculiformis + peanut; T₂ - Acacia mangium +peanut; and T₃ - Gliricidia sepium + peanut.

The results of the study showed that peanut planted under Gliricidia sepium produced the highest mean in all parameters taken such as fresh unshelled peanut weight, dried unshelled peanut, weight shelled peanut, weight computed yield per hectare and highest profit. Peanut grown under Acacia auriculiformis had the lowest result in all the data gathered.

Based from the results of the study, Gliricidia sepium is recommended as MPTS for intercropping.

Crops + Yemane

Deleña, Lilia. 1983. Performance of Corn (Glutinous synthetic) Intercropped with Yemane as Affected by Seeding Rates. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In general, plants with close spacing and high rates of seeding are more susceptible to pests and diseases.

The study aimed to determine which seeding rates would give the highest performance in terms of growth and yield. Randomized Complete Block design with three replications was used. The different treatments used were: T₁ – 2 seeds/hill, T₂ – 3 seeds/hill, T₃ – 4 seeds/hill.

Results of the study revealed that corn planted at 2 seeds/hill had the highest average monthly height increment; whereas those planted at 4 seeds/hill produced the lowest. For the final height at maturity, corn planted at 2 seeds/hill were the tallest, while the smallest were those planted at 4 seeds/hill. On the percentage survival, those sown under 3 seeds/hill had the highest while 4 seeds/hill was the lowest.

Based on the results of the study, using 2 seeds/hill is recommended.

Solis, Leonardo Jr. G. 1983. The Response of Cassava (Golden yellow Var.) Grown Undershade of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) at Various Spacings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Cassava is next to sweet potato in market demand and economic importance. It is grown in many parts of the country and easily adopts itself in areas having friable and not very dry type of soil.

This study was conducted to determine the response of cassava (Golden Yellow Var.) grown undershade of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) at various spacings. It was laid out using the Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. The following treatments used were T_A – Control, T_B– 1m x 2m spacing of Yemane, T_C – 2m x 2m spacing of Yemane and T_D – 2m x 3m spacing of Yemane.

Results of the study showed that control had the highest monthly height increment, highest number of storage roots, highest mean weight of storage roots and highest yield in kg/ha.

Based on the economic analysis of the study, planting cassava between 2m x 3m spacing of Yemane is recommended since it showed the highest net income among the treatments used.

Somera, Jovito A. & Adela B. Saldaen. 1987. Performance of Three AVRDC Sweet Potato Accessions Grown Under Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Plantation. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping sweet potato under established plantation of premium species like yemane is one of the most practical ways to minimize the increasing gap between food production and demand. Sweet potato helps eradicate weeds on grasses like cogon that keeps the slow growing of the main crop.

The study was conducted to determine the performance of three sweet potato cultivars in terms of growth and tuber yield when planted under yemane plantation. The Randomized Complete Block Design replicated 4 times was used. The different treatments used were as follows: T₁ – CN 1280 -3, T₂- 1232 – 9, T₃ – CN 1028 – 15 and T₄ – BNAS 51.

Results showed that there were no significant differences among the entries used in terms of average number of marketable tubers/hill, average number of tubers/plot, average weight of tubers/hill, average weight of tubers/plot and computed yield of marketable tubers in tons/ha.

In spite of the insignificant results, cultivars CN – 1280-3 produced the greatest number of marketable tubers/hill and average number of marketable tubers/plot while BNAS 51 had the lowest yield.

Vilog, Ponciano et.al. 1987. Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max Merril) Grown Under Yemane Plantation as Affected by Varying Rates of Urea (46-0-0). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping is one of the most practical ways of minimizing the problem of the ever increasing gap between food production and demand.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of applying varying rates of urea (46-0-0) on the growth and yield of soybean planted under yemane trees. The Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the study with the following treatments: T₀- control (no application), T₁- 1.2 grams/hill of urea, T₂- 1.6 grams/hill.

Results of the study showed that unfertilized plants did not differ on the final height at maturity. On the other hand, plants applied with 1.2 grams/hill of urea registered significantly the highest mean weight of dried seeds/plant and yield of

soybeans/hectare.

Based on the results of the study, the application of 1.2 grams/hill of urea is recommended.

Crops + Bagras

De Vera, Rogelio.1984. Performance of Peanut (var. native white) Planted in Between Bagras as Affected by Varying Rates of Chicken Manure Application. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

All animal manures constitute the best source of maintaining soil fertility. Chicken manure is considered as a good source of organic matter.

The study aimed to determine the effect of varying rates of chicken manure on the crop’s performance in terms of growth and yield. Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 treatments was used. The treatments were: T₀ – control, T₁ – 88.8g chicken manure/plot, T₂ -44.4g chicken manure/plot, T₃– 133.2g chicken manure/plot.

Results showed that plants not applied with chicken manure were the tallest at maturity while the shortest were the plants applied with 44.4g chicken manure.

The most number of branches and most number of pods was produced by the plants not applied with chicken manure. Analyses of Variance in all treatments taken were not significant.

Based on the results of the study, it is practicable not to apply chicken manure on peanut plants when intercropped with bagras.

Guerrero, Jose Guzman de. 1983. Response of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum Linn.) as Intercropped among Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume.) Trees as Affected by the Different Levels of Complete Fertilizer. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping of a certain major crop or tree is widely practiced in farming to economize space and adequate moisture of the soil. It is also one way of utilizing its nutrients and at the same time increasing income.

This study was conducted to determine the response of sweet pepper as intercrop among four-year-old bagras trees as affected by the different levels of complete fertilizer (14-14-14), namely: 4.3 grams per plant, 8.6 grams per plant and 2.9 grams per plant.

An area of 192 square meters, slightly rolling to flat was used following the Randomized Complete Block Design. The fertilizers were applied 3 weeks after transplanting by ring method.

Results showed that plants fertilized with 4.3 grams were the earliest to flower and to set fruit. Plants fertilized with 12.9 grams had the fastest growth rate while plants fertilized with 8.6 grams per plant produced the most number and heaviest fruits, with the highest computed yield per hectare in kilograms.

Based on the results of the study, 8.6 grams of 14-14-14 is recommended to be applied per sweet pepper when intercropped to four-year-old bagras trees.

Ochoco, Mary V. 1982. The Effect of Varying Rates of NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Var. Hawaiian Intercropped with Bagras. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Fertilization is one of the standard practices to increase pineapple production today. But many farmers have used commercial fertilizer but they do not know the right amount and the time of application. This practice is not profitable, hence this study. The study aimed to determine the effect of varying rates of NPK fertilizer (14-14-14) on the growth of pineapple (Var. Hawaiian) intercropped with bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta).

The different treatments used in the study were the following: A - control (no application), B - 8.5-8.5-8.5, C - 13-13–13, D - 17.5–17.5–17.5. The study was arranged following the Randomized Complete Block Design.

Treatment C had the lowest mean. Analysis of Variance revealed no significant result among the treatments used. Furthermore, the most number of roots and leaves was observed in treatment D while the least number of roots and leaves was in treatment B. The Analysis of Variance on the number of roots and number of leaves showed significant differences on the treatments used.

Subadi, Roger L. 1983. Response of Cassava (Golden Yellow var.) Grown Undershade of Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume.) with Different Spacings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Spacing of plants is important because it determines favorable competition for light, space, water and other minerals present in the soil.

This study was conducted to determine the response of cassava grown undershade of bagras with different spacing, namely: T_A – 1m x 1m cassava without bagras, T_B – 1m x 2m spacing of bagras, T_C – 2m x 2m spacing of bagras and T_D – 2m x 3m spacing of bagras.

Response of cassava in terms of monthly height increment in centimeters, mean number of storage roots and marketable roots at maturity, mean weight of marketable roots per plant as well as per plot and computed yield of marketable roots in kilograms per hectare, when grown undershade of 1 year old bagras of 2 to 3 meters height in an sloping area of about 3% gradient were gathered.

Findings showed that the highest monthly increment of cassava plants was obtained by 2m x 3m spacing, followed by 1m x 1m spacing, 2m x 2m spacing, and 1m x 2m spacing of bagras while cassava plants spaced 1m x 1m produced the highest number of storage roots, highest number of marketable roots and highest computed yield of marketable roots.

Analysis of variance showed no significant differences among treatment means except on the mean number of storage roots which was affected by different spacings.

Crops + Narra saplings

Binabise Tessie A. 1980. Growth and Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogea Linn) Planted in Between Narra Saplings as Affected by Varying Rates of Chicken Manure Application. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Agronomic crops can be successfully planted in between forestry crops. One of the popular crops successfully planted in between tree crops is peanut.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of different rates of chicken manure planted in between narra saplings at the Regional Integrated Agriculture Research System (RIARS) site of DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union from November 7, 1983 to February 21, 1984. The treatments used were: T_a – control (no application), T_b – 333.33kg/ha, T_c – 444.44 kg/ha, and laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design.

The application of 444.44 kg/ha resulted to the greatest monthly height increment, tallest plants, most number of pods, heaviest unshelled pods and highest computed yield. The unfertilized plants resulted the least in all the parameters taken.

Based on the results of the study, 444.44kg/ha of manure should be applied to peanut for better yield and should be planted during rainy season.

Orodio, Regina O. 1984. Growth and Yield of Soybeans (Glycine max) Intercropped with Narra Saplings as Affected by Varying Rates of Chicken Manure. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping of soybeans in between tree crops is a means of increasing income. Applying organic fertilizer such as chicken manure which is readily available and economical is imperative to produce better yield.

This study was conducted to find out which of the different rates of chicken manure would produce the tallest plants and highest yield of soybean.

The Randomized Complete Block Design was used with the different treatments used: T_a- control (no manure), Tb- 444.44 kg/ha, T_c- 333.33 kg/ha.

Results of the study revealed that the application of 444.44 kg/ha registered the tallest, produced the most number of nodules/plant, the most number of pods/plant and highest average yield/plant. The soybean with no manure application produced the least among the parameters used.

In all the data gathered, no significant results were found.

Based from the results of the study, the application of chicken manure at the rate of 444.44 kg/ha fertilizer for soybean is recommended to have the best growth and yield.

Crops + Ipil-Ipil

Andrada, Onofre Jr. (1983). Performance of Mungo (Var. ID-21) Intercropped with Giant Ipil-ipil as Affected by Varying Rates of Seeding, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping mungo with ipil-ipil trees may help in improving the production since ipil-ipil does not form a dense foliage formation. To fully improve the production, rates of seeding must be considered in planting.

This study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of mungo planted undershade of ipil-ipil as affected by varying rates of seeding. It was laid-out using the Randomized Complete Block Design with four blocks. The seeds were soaked overnight and planted the following day. The different treatments used were T_A - 2 plants per hill, T_B -3 plants per hill, T_C - 4 plants per hill, and T_D - 5 plants per hill.

Results of the study revealed that plants under Td were the tallest, highest number of matured pods per plant and had the heaviest weight of dried mungo seeds per plot. As to the computed yield per hectare, Td produced the highest. However, analysis of variance revealed insignificant result.

Baculi, Mito M. 1983. Comparative Study on the Yield of Different Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum vulgaris Pers.) Planted Between Giant Ipil- Ipil. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping is one of the most practical ways to minimize the problem in increasing gap between food production and demand.

This study was undertaken to answer the problem, “What variety of sorghum is good for intercropping, and would perform best in terms of yield?”

The Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used in the study. The treatments used were A - NK233, B - Darso, C – Goldfinger, D - Cosor I

Based on the results, the Darso variety had the highest yield per plot per hectare. However, it was comparable to NK 233 and Cosor I on yield per plot and computed yield per hectare. Any of these three varieties of sorghum used is recommended to plant as cash crop in between giant ipil-ipil trees. Further, a one - year - old giant ipil-ipil trees should be utilized in order to meet the sunlight requirement of the cash crop particularly sorghum.

Baludda, Rogelio K. 1980. The Effects of Depth of Planting on the Growth and Yield of Cassava (Golden Yellow Variety) Intercropped with Ipil-ipil. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

It is very important that farmers should know the proper depth of planting cassava especially when intercropped with trees. This has something to do with the competition of nutrients available in the soil.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of depth of planting on the growth and yield of cassava when intercropped with ipil-ipil. Randomized Complete Block Design was used with four treatments, namely: T₁ – 20cm depth of planting, T₂ – 25cm depth of planting, T₃ – 30cm depth of planting, T₄ – 35cm depth of planting.

The results of the study revealed that T₁ gave the highest growth and yield of cassava and the lowest treatment was treatment T₄. Analyses of variance showed insignificant differences among treatments used.

Based from the results, any of the depth of planting can be used in planting cassava in between ipil-ipil trees.

Caluza, Evelyn. 1982. The Response of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Planted Undershed of Giant Ipil-ipil to Chicken Manure. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Black pepper requires shade but this can be dispensed within areas when rainfall is evenly distributed. It is, however, worthwhile to note that shade trees become an important component of a black pepper farm located in regions which have dry seasons.

The study was conducted to determine the response of black pepper planted under shade of giant ipil-ipil to different rates of chicken manure. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the study with 4 treatments, namely: T₁– control, T₂ - 1kg/plant, T₃ - 1.5kg/plant, T₄ – 2kg/plant.

The study showed highly significant result on the length of vines and number of leaves produced one month after planting. Plants fertilized with one kilogram/plant had the longest vines and produced the most number of leaves while plants fertilized with 2 kg/plant had the shortest vines and the least number of leaves. Unfertilized plants gave the highest percentage survival while plants fertilized with 2kg per plant had the least number of plants that survived.

Carantes, Mauricio M. 1983. The Effect of NPK on the Growth and Survival of Pineapple (Ananas comosus Linn.) Planted Undershade of Giant Ipil-ipil. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Fertilization is the process of adding the necessary nutrients needed by the plants to maintain their growth and development and to have a higher yield.

This study was conducted to determine which of the different levels of NPK would give the best growth and survival of pineapple planted undershade of giant ipil-ipil.

Randomized Complete Block Design with the following treatments were used in the study: A - control; B - Soil Laboratory Recommendation; C - 200-200-200; D - 250-250-250; E - 300-300-300.

The results of the study revealed that plants fertilized with 250-250-250 were the tallest and produced the greatest number of leaves and the lowest survival of 95 percent, while unfertilized pineapple plants were the shortest and had the highest survival of 100 percent. Analyses of variance on the three parameters revealed no significant results. Based from the results of the study, any of the fertilizers used can be applied to pineapple planted undershade of giant ipil-ipil.

Cayabyab, Isagani Marlo. 1980. Comparative Study on the Different Varieties of Corn (Zea maize Linn) as Intercropped among Giant Ipil-ipil Trees. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Corn would be benefited if planted in between ipil-ipil trees, since this tree is known as nitrogen fixers.

This study was conducted to determine which variety of corn would give the highest yield when intercropped with giant ipil-ipil trees. The different treatments were arranged using the Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The different treatments used were: T₁ – UPCA variety 1, T₂ – UPCA variety 2, T₃ – UPCA variety 3 and T₄ – native variety.

Results showed that on the average number of ears per plant, UPCA variety 1 gave the highest yield while native variety gave the lowest. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences among treatments. On the computed yield in kilogram per hectare, UPCA variety 3 produced the heaviest with mean of 122.22kg. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences among treatment means.

Based from the results of the study, any of the corn varieties used can be intercropped in three-year-old giant ipil-ipil trees.

Damaso, Jovencio P. 1980. Performance of Sweet Potato (Var. BNAS- 51) Intercropped with Giant Ipil-ipil as Affected by Length of Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

With the various economic values and industrial benefits derived from sweet potato, it is therefore necessary that farmers should know the proper length of cuttings to be used in planting to produce maximum yield.

Nowadays, there are farmers who intercrop sweet potato in their ipil-ipil plantations, however they are not consciously aware of the correct length of cuttings of sweet potato to be used; hence, the study.

Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the study. The cuttings were planted in slanting position in a prepared lot of 128 sq.m. with four treatments, namely: T_A - 30 cm long T_B - 40 cm long, T_C - 45 cm long, T_D - 50 cm long.

Results showed that the use of 50 cm long cuttings resulted to the longest vines. Plants grown from 40 cm to 35 cm long cuttings produced the most marketable tubers. Analysis of variance however, showed no significant results. Thirty five (35) cm long cuttings had the heaviest marketable tubers per plot and highest yield. Analysis of Variance showed highly significant result.

Cuttings from 35 to 40 cm in length resulted to the highest yield, hence these are recommended as planting materials for sweet potato intercropped with giant ipil-ipil.

Dizon, Adelaida P. 1983. Performance of Peanut (Native red var.) as Affected by the Rates of Seeding Planted under Giant Ipil-ipil. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

During the early stage of tree development, the possibility of intercropping, especially cash crops, are one of the effective ways of maximizing land use resulting to the increase of income.

This study was conducted to determine which of the rates of seeding would give the best growth and yield of peanut when planted under giant ipil-ipil from September 1982 to January 1983 at the ipil-ipil tree farm at the BLISS site of DMMMSU. Randomized Complete Block Design with the following treatments were used: T₁ – 1 seed /hill, T₂ – 2 seeds/hill, T₃ – 3 seeds/hill, T₄ – 4 seeds/hill using the Randomized Complete Block

Design.

The study showed that treatment 4 had significantly produced the tallest, heaviest weight of pods, heaviest seeds and computed yield per hectare. On the other hand, T₁ produced the lightest in weight of pods, shortest height, least weight of seeds and least computed yield per hectare.

Based on the results of the study, four seeds per hill is recommended as the best rate of seeding when planting peanut under giant ipil-ipil.

Jose, Jocelyn E. 1984. Performance of Sweet Pepper (Var.California Wonder) Planted Under Giant Ipil-ipil as Affected by Varying Rates of Chicken Manure. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping of sweet pepper with certain major crops is probably advisable since it is one way of utilizing soil nutrients and at the same time increasing income. Manure is one of the most important by-products of animal and with its use, the farmers will be able to economize because it is abundant and locally available.

This study was conducted to determine which of the varying rates of chicken manure would result to the best growth and yield of sweet pepper planted under giant ipil-ipil trees. The rates of chicken manure were based on its analysis. Holes were dug 30 cm between rows and 50 cm between hills. Following the different rates, the decomposed chicken manure was weighed and applied in the holes just before transplanting. The experiment was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments used were T₀ - Control (no manure), T₁ - 25 g of chicken manure per hill, T₂ - 30 g of chicken manure per hill, T₃ - 35 g of chicken manure per hill.

Results revealed that application of 35g of chicken manure had the most number of fruits per plant and highest computed yield per hectare.

Marzo, Bella U. 1983. Growth and Yield of Winged bean (Var. R 15 mixed) Planted Under Giant ipil-ipil as Affected by Different Seeding Rates, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Seeding rate is one of the most important factors that affect the growth and yield of winged bean. If seeds are to be planted in great number, overcrowding result and as a consequence production is reduced. High seeding rate also results in waste of seeds and consequently affects the economic returns.

The study was conducted to determine which of the different rates of seeding of winged bean planted under giant ipil-ipil trees would result to the best growth and highest yield in terms of green pods.

Randomized Complete Block Design at the BLISS II site of DMMMSU-NLUC, Bacnotan La Union was used in the study. The treatments used were the following: T₁- one seeds per hill, T₂- two seeds/hill, T₃– three seeds/hill, and T₄- four seeds/hill.

The results revealed that different seeding rates did not significantly affect the growth, survival and green pod yield of winged beans although three seeds per hill resulted to the highest number of pods per plot, heaviest and highest percentage survival.

Nava, Inocencia S. 1983. Performance of Sweet Potato (Var. BNAS- 51) Planted Under Giant Ipil-ipil Trees as Affected by Time of Topping. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Topping may adversely affect the physical process of the sweet potato plants. The timing of topping must be determined to effect less interference during the tuber formation of the sweet potato.

This study was conducted to determine whether the time of topping has an effect on sweet potato plants in terms of number of shoots produced, weight of vines, number of tubers and weight of tubers.

The experimental design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design with the following treatments: T_a- untopped (control), T_b- topped 1.5 months after planting, T_c- topped 2 months after planting, T_d- topped 2.5 months after planting.

Sweet potato topped 2 months after planting registered the highest number of shoots and the plants topped 1.5 months after planting produced the highest number of tubers per plant, weight of tuber plant, weight of vines per plant and weight of tubers per plant.

However, the analysis of variance on all the data gathered registered no significant

difference.

Based from the results of the study, any of the treatments used can be followed in topping sweet potato.

Obejera, Ines C. 1984. Performance of Irish Potato (Var. Cosima) Planted in Between Giant Ipil-ipil Trees as Affected by Spacing. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In view of the rapid population growth and greater demand for food, cultural aspect like proper spacing may contribute towards the production of more quality crops and high yields and in the same manner utilization of interspaces between tree plants will lead to maximum land usage.

This study aimed to determine which spacing would give the best results in terms of growth and yield of Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum).

The treatments were arranged following the Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments used were: T_a- 20 x 70 cm, T_b- 30 cm x 70 cm, T_c- 40 cm x 70 cm, and T_d- 50 cm x 70 cm.

The results of the study revealed that Tc gained the tallest and Ta produced the most number of tubers, heaviest weight and highest computed yield. However, analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among treatment means.

Obillo, Remedios. 1983. Comparative Study on Different Varieties of Corn (Zea maize Linn) as Intercropped among Giant Ipil-Ipil Trees. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping with ipil-ipil decreases weed growth and economizes the use of expensive chemicals and fertilizer. This also increases the yield of corn, due to the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in all legumes. Another way to increase production is the selection of the right variety of corn to be planted.

This study was conducted to determine which variety of corn would give the highest yield when intercropped with giant ipil-ipil trees. The different treatments were arranged using the Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The different treatments were T_a -UPCA var.1, T_b - UPCA var.2, T_c - UPCA var.3, and T_d - native

variety (control).

Results of the study showed that the four corn varieties used gave comparable number of ears per plant. On the total weight per plot and computed yield UPCA var.3 produced the heaviest grain yield. However, it is comparable with that of UPCA var.1.

Olbinado, Jovita. 1983. Effects of the Time of Lifting Vines on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas –Var. BNAS -51) Intercropped with Giant Ipil-ipil. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines.

Different times of lifting vines of sweet potato vary in its productivity due to the different variable conditions of the environment.

This study was conducted to determine the best time of lifting vines to produce the best growth and highest yield of sweet potato.

The following treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design: T₁- unlifted, T₂- lifting vines at 4 weeks after planting, T₃- lifting vines at 6 weeks after planting, T_{4 -}lifting vines at 8 weeks after planting.

Treatment 2 produced the heaviest weight, most number of tubers, highest weight of tubers per plot and highest computed yield per hectare while the unlifted (T₁) gained the lowest in all the parameters taken.

The analysis of variance on all the data gathered were not significant.

Based from the results, the researcher recommends that T₂ which is 4 weeks after planting is the best time to lift vines of sweet potato.

Opeña, Marcelo L. 1983. Performance of Bush Sitao (Var. E.G. #1) Planted at Various Spacing under Giant Ipil-ipil Plants. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping leguminous species such as bush sitao under ipil-ipil can greatly increase the productivity of the soil and when planted at a minimum distance, it can produce a better and higher yield.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and yield of bush sitao.

The Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the study with the following treatments: T_a - 20 cm x 50 cm, T_b- 30 cm x 50 cm, T_c - 40 cm x

50 cm and T_d- 50 cm x 50 cm.

The result of the study showed that the spacing of 20 cm x 50 cm registered the tallest at maturity, produced the most dried pods/hill, heaviest weight of dried seeds per plot and highest computed yield per hectare. The analysis of variance registered highly significant result on all the data gathered.

The researcher recommends the 20 cm x 50 cm spacing for bush sitao when planted under ipil-ipil plants.

Palabay, Francisca M. Performance of Okra (Var. Clemson spineless) Planted under Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) as Affected by Different Farm Manures. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Due to high price of commercial fertilizers, organic fertilizers are good alternatives. Animal manure is one of them.

The study aimed to determine the possibility of intercropping okra in between ipil-ipil trees as affected by different farm manures. The Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments such as T₁ – carabao manures in T₂ – chicken manures and T₃ –swine manure was used.

Based on the results of the study, chicken manure gave the best growth and yield and highest percentage survival of okra

Therefore, chicken manure should be utilized as organic fertilizer for okra plants.

Pocais, Violeta A. 1983. Performance of Irish Potato (var. Red Pontiac) Planted under Giant Ipil-ipil as Affected by Different Farm Manures. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Applying farm manures as organic fertilizer is the simplest and cheapest method with apparently fair success because it aids in the vigorous growth of the plants until they can sustain survival.

This study was limited only to the performance of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn.) planted under giant ipil-ipil as affected by different farm manures, namely: chicken manure, swine manure and cow manure. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in arranging the treatments in an area of 96 square meters with estimated average slope of 10%, planted with three-year-old giant Ipil-ipil trees and spaced at one meter. The data gathered were: average monthly plant height in centimeters, average number of tuber per sample plant.

Results showed that plants fertilized with chicken manure were the tallest, produced the greatest number of tubers per plant, produced the heaviest tubers per plot and produced the highest computed yield in kg/ha while unfertilized plants were the lowest. The results of the ANOVA were not significant among the treatment means.

Based on the results, any of the manures used can be applied to Irish potato planted under giant Ipil-ipil.

Salamanca, Eric F. 1984. Comparative Study on the Effect of Tillage on the Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) When Intercropped with Giant Ipil- ipil. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Infiltration of water is more rapid in tilled soil than in untilled soil, other conditions being equal. The cultivated one becomes saturated with more water which causes greater erosion (in areas with no hedgerows), leaching and carrying more ready soluble plant nutrients. However, when it comes to economic returns, the untilled method had higher return per peso invested.

The study was conducted to determine the tillage practice that would result to the best and highest yield of mungbean when intercropped with giant ipil-ipil trees. The Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used. Column differences between treatments were analyzed employing the T - test analysis. The treatments used were: T_A– tilled, T_B – untilled.

Mungbean planted on tilled land were taller at maturity, had longer pods and more seeds per pod than those planted in untilled land.

Tilling the land resulted to better growth and yield of mungbean and higher net return than not tilling the land, hence this treatment is recommended.

Sotelo, Cristina. B. 1984. Performance of Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) Planted Under Giant Ipil-ipil as Affected by Varying Rates of NPK Fertilizer Application. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Ginger known as luya is very important in food preparation. It is a shade tolerant crop and it needs fertilizer like NPK for its better growth and survival.

The study was conducted from July 14 to December 14, 1983 with a total area of 60sqm The treatments were: A – control

(no fertilizer), B – 20g NPK, C- 40g of NPK, and 42.85 g of NPK. They were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications.

Results of the study revealed that plants applied with 42.85g produced the most number of shoots/hill, the tallest at maturity, had the highest yield/plot and had the highest computed yield/hectare. The unfertilized plants had the least number of shoots, shortest, lowest yield/plot and lowest computed yield/hectare.

Based on the results of the study, the use of 42.85 of NPK (14-14-14) on ginger planted under giant ipil-ipil resulted to the highest yield, therefore it is recommended.

Tadina, Josephine. 1983. Performance Golden Yellow Cassava (Manihot utilisima Ponl) Planted Between Rows of Giant Ipil-ipil Trees as Affected by Different Length of Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Selection of cassava cuttings should be from a good cultivar. Any part of the cassava stem may be used for propagation but the best part is the matured portion of the stem with the exception of the part nearest to the root, for they are better than the middle one as well as the top portion.

The study was conducted to determine the performance of golden yellow cassava as affected by different lengths of cuttings. The study was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The treatments used were: T_A- 15 cm long, T_B – 20 cm long, T_C - 25 cm long T_D - 30 cm long.

Results of the study showed that the different lengths of cuttings did not have any significant effect on all data gathered. However, the use of 30 cm cuttings resulted to the highest average monthly plant height increment and tallest plants six months after planting and most number of shoot per plant. The use of 15 cm long cuttings resulted to the lowest average plant height increment, shortest plant six months after planting and the least number of shoots per plant six months after planting.

Tapaoan, Marlyn M. 1983. Performance of Golden Yellow Cassava As Intercrop with Giant Ipil-ipil Using Different Portions of Stem As Planting Materials. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Portion cuttings of golden yellow cassava affect the growth, survival and yield of cassava because of the physiological process during plant growth and development.

The study was conducted to determine what portion of the stem will give the best growth and yield of golden yellow cassava intercropped with giant ipil-ipil. The different treatments used were: T_a- base portion of the stem, T_b- middle portion of the stem, T_{o -} upper portion of the stem. The treatments were laid - out using the Randomized Complete Block Design with four blocks.

Results of the study revealed that the plants under treatment A were the tallest, with the highest number of storage roots per plant, with the longest storage roots per plant and with the heaviest storage roots per plant. Likewise, treatment C was the shortest, with the least number and lightest storage roots per plant, and with the shortest storage root per plants.

Base portion of the stem is highly recommended as planting material for golden cassava when intercropped with giant ipil-ipil trees.

Uyaan, Cecilia D. 1983. The Performance of Garlic (Allium sativum) Intercropped With Giant Ipil-ipil as Affected by Different Mulching Materials. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping garlic with ipil-ipil is one method of increasing the production per unit area. Mulching garlic minimizes cultivation and weeding. It also conserves soil moisture and temperature which are highly contributory to high yield and prevents direct exposure of the plant to sunlight.

This study was conducted to determine which of the different mulching materials would give better growth and yield of garlic. The area was prepared with specific spacing of 20 m x 20 m. Drill method was used in planting. One clove of garlic was planted in each drill. Twenty five garlic cloves were planted in each plot. Mulching materials were placed just after planting. The different treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated four times. The different treatments used were: T₁ - control (no mulch), T₂ - rice straw, T₃ - banana leaves, and T₄ - Cogon grass.

Results revealed that mulching with cogon grass resulted to the tallest plants, highest yield per plot and highest computed yield per hectare. Mulching with banana leaves obtained the highest percentage survival. Analysis of Variance showed insignificant result.

Valdez, Estrella L. 1983. Performance of Sweet Pepper (Var. California wonder) Planted under Giant Ipil-ipil Trees as Affected by Different Animal Manures. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Phils

In spite of the production and importance of sweet pepper, the demand for the crop cannot still be met because of the increasing population. It is necessary, therefore, to increase the present production through intensive cultural practices such as utilization of animal manures as fertilizer to reduce the cost of farm input.

The study aimed to determine the performance of sweet pepper planted under giant ipil-ipil as affected by different animal manures. The Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the lay- out of the study. The treatments used were: A - 5 grams of chicken dung, B - 22.3 grams of carabao manure, C - 18.6 grams of swine manures, D - control (no application).

The results of the study showed that the application of chicken manure produced the tallest plants, highest fruit yield /plot and highest computed yield/ha. The Analysis of Variance showed highly significant differences among treatment means. Percentage survival was not significant. Plants applied with chicken manure and under unfertilized plants both had 100% survival. Plants applied with swine manure had the lowest survival.

Based on the results of the study, chicken dung is recommended for sweet pepper when planted under giant ipil-ipil trees.

Villoria, Nestor C. 1984. Performance of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Saplings (var. Forastero) Planted Under Ipil-Ipil as Affected by Different Levels of Azolla (Azolla pinnata). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Azolla is highly suitable to increase the nitrogen content of the soil.

This study was conducted to determine which level of azolla as fertilizer applied on two–year old cacao saplings planted under 4-year old ipil-ipil would give the best growth and development of the crop.

This was limited only to the response of cacao saplings in terms of initial height and diameter, height and diameter increment and final height and diameter to the different levels of azolla, intercropped with ipil-ipil on an area having 4% slope and sandy clay loam soil type. An area of 3,200m² was divided into four blocks using the Randomized Complete Block

Design with four treatments.

Based on the results of the study, saplings applied with 600 g/plant had the initial height of 1.49 m and had an initial diameter of 1.93cm. Plants applied with 900g azolla were the tallest, faster mean bi-monthly diameter increment and had a highest final height of 1.75m. Plants applied 600g obtained the biggest mean final diameter of 2.39cm.

Results showed that the use of 900 g/plant of azolla as organic fertilizer for cacao saplings resulted to the greatest bi-monthly diameter increment. The different levels of azolla were comparable in their effect on bi-monthly height, final height and diameter.

Watan, Mariano M. 1984. Performance of Cassava (var. Golden Yellow) Planted Under Giant Ipil-Ipil as Affected by Different Positions of Planting. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different positions of planting on the growth and yield of cassava intercropped with giant ipil-ipil at the ipil-ipil plantation of DMMMSU Bacnotan, La Union.

There were 204 cassava cuttings used in this study which were planted in the prepared experimental lot of 120 square meters with the following treatments: T_A (vertical position), T_B (slanting position), and T_C(horizontal position). The Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used.

The results of the study showed that the horizontal position resulted to the tallest plants while the vertical position resulted to the shortest. Analysis of Variance showed no significant differences among treatments. Cassava planted horizontally produced the most storage roots per plant while those planted vertically produced the lowest. The use of slanting position resulted to the production of the most and cheapest marketable storage roots per plant and per plot and highest computed yield per hectare. The vertical position resulted to the least storage roots per plant while the horizontal position resulted to the least, lightest and lowest computed yield per hectare of marketable storage roots.

Based on the economic analysis, the slanting position is recommended to ensure high return when intercropped in between giant ipil-ipil.

Crops + Benguet Pine

Bugan, Senydee D. 1997. Intercropping of Vegetable Crops Under Partially Shaded Areas of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya) Forest. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

This study aimed to develop a new cropping system on the small highland farms and to increase the number of crops of high economic value planted in the same piece of land at a given time. It also aimed to discover suitable cropping pattern which involves the proper utilization of resources and appropriate combination of crop that may give rise to the discovery of the mutual relationship between crops.

This study was conducted to determine the performance of vegetable intercrops under partially shaded areas of Benguet pine. The two treatments used were as follows: T₀ - vegetable intercrop grown in an open area, and T₁- vegetable intercrops grown under partially shaded area of Benguet pine.

Results showed that cabbage grown in the open area (T₀) had the highest height increment and produced large sized heads and height yield while head of cabbage grown under the partial shade of Benguet pine (T₁) had lower height increment, smaller heads, and lower yields obtained.

On the other hand, white potatoes grown in the open area (T₀) gave the highest increment but produced lower tuber yield compared to white potatoes grown under the partial shade of Benguet pine (T₁) which had a lower rate of growth increment but gave a higher tuber yield.

Meanwhile, green onions grown in the open area (T₀) produced the highest yield while those grown under the partial shade of Benguet pine (T₁) yielded the lowest.

Results further showed that green onions did not have good vegetative performance if grown under partial shade of Benguet pine; rather, green onion thrived best in areas where there is no shade.

Palalag, Narcisa. 1996. Vegetable Production Under Pine Forest Cover. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Phils.

Vegetable production under pine forest if properly implemented enables the close interaction of agriculture and forestry so that maximum benefit can be derived from both.

The study evaluated the growth and yield of bush bean, potato and pechay under various degrees of pine covers, namely: outside pine cover; inside pine cover (between trees); inside pine cover (near the trees) and inside pine cover (shaded portion).

Results showed that among the different crop species studied under pine covers, potato performed best but it was not greatly different from those grown outside pine cover. All the crop species tested may be tolerant under it.

Pechay produced minor growth differences in both inside and outside pine covers. This result indicated that the poor performance was not due to the effect of pine cover.

The vegetable crop species that may not be suitable to grow under pine cover for plain economic purpose is bush bean.

In holistic view of an Agroforestry system, however, bush bean is still an appropriate intercrop.

Crops + Kakawate as Hedgerows

Acosta, Arnel O. 2003. Profitability of Leguminous Vegetables As Alley Crops in Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium Steud) Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Increasing vegetable production per unit area can be achieved through intercropping, the most practical way of minimizing the use of land.

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield of mungbean, bash sitao, soybeans and pole sitao in alleys of kakawate hedgerows.

A parcel of land measuring 441.60 square meters with an average slope of 6 -10 degrees with existing 11-year old kakawate hedgerows located at the sloping agricultural land technology (SALT) of the ARDF of DMMMSU was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 blocks. Weight of dried seeds per hill, per plot and per hectare; number of nodules per hill, weight of nodules per hill, net income and benefit cost ratio were the data gathered and analyzed statistically using ANOVA of Randomized Complete Block Design and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

The result revealed that pole sitao had the heaviest dried seeds produced, highest net income per hectare and benefit cost ratio while mungbean produced the lightest and lowest net income and benefit cost ratio.

Based from the results, pole sitao is recommended as alley crop in between kakawate hedgerows to produce higher net income and benefit cost ratio.

Agmaliw, Berwasan C. 1995. Green Yield of Vegetable Legumes Planted in Between Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Alley cropping maximizes the utilization of the land resulting to a higher income while improving the fertility of the soil.

This study was conducted to determine which of the vegetable legumes is suited to alley cropping system with kakawate hedgerows. The two-factor experiment of the Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the lay–out with the following treatments: L₀ – lopping not applied and L₁ – lopping applied and the subplot : A₁ – snap bean, A₂ – cowpea and A₃ – bush sitao. The paired T -test was used in the analyses of the data.

The application of kakawate lopping had no effect in the alley crops. However, the t-test analysis revealed significant result on the number of pods of bush sitao/plot, snap beans and cowpea revealed insignificant results.

On the other hand, significant were observed in the following parameters: number of pods/plot, weight of marketable pods and biomass of alley crops except on the total number of pods of bush sitao which revealed significant result.

Based on the results of the study, bush sitao, cowpea and snap beans are recommended as alley crops in between kakawate hedgerows. However, they should be planted at the end of the rainy season for better yield performance.

Banita, Mibel D. 2001. Comparative Study on the Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Varieties Planted in Between Kakawate Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Alley cropping is a type of Agroforestry System which involves the planting of agricultural crops between hedgerows of Multi- Purpose Tree Species (MPTS). The hedgerows are planted along the contours and the agricultural crops are planted in the alley of kakawate hedgerows. Eggplant is among the potential crops to be planted in alleys of kakawate hedgerow.

Employing Randomized Complete Block Design, the study aimed to compare the growth and yield of intercropping eggplant varieties in between kakawate hedgerows as an additional source of income and to select the best profitable eggplant suited to the kakawate hedgerows. This study had two treatments: jockpot hybrid, and casino hybrid. It was conducted at the Slopping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) of DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union.

Results showed that jackpot variety obtained taller growth and higher total number of marketable fruits over the casino variety. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in plant height.

Based on the results of the study, the jackpot variety is recommended over the casino variety to be planted between kakawate hedgerows.

Collado, Caroline C. 1993. Effect of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Hedgerow Pruning on the Height and Growth of Upland Rice. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Alley cropping system is one form of agroforestry technology which is suited to upland rice cultivation. Hedgerows are pruned to minimized shading on crops.

The study was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 treatments such as: T_O- control, T₁ - 10cm cutting height, T₂- 30 cm high, T₃– 50 cm high T₄ - 70 cm high, T₆ - 110 cm high, T₅- 90 cm high.

Results of the study showed that hedgerow pruning did not have any significant effect on the height and biomass of upland rice alley crop. The tallest hedgerow failed to suppress the growth of upland rice and the shortest hedgerow and no hedgerow failed to boost the same. Based from the result of the study, it was concluded that hedgerow height does not significantly affect the growth of upland rice in an alley cropping system.

Dangpalan, Maybelen Q. 2000. Growth and Yield of Baby Corn (Zea maize Linn.) Planted in Between Kakawate Hedgerows as Affected By Levels of Inorganic Fertilizers. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Fertilization is one important factor to consider in the solution of nutritional deficiency in almost all kinds of plants.

This study aimed to determine the best level of inorganic fertilizer (21-0-0) that would give the best growth and yield of baby corn when planted in between kakawate hedgerows.

It was laid out using the Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks and six treatments. The treatments used were as follows: T₀ – Control, T₁ –142.85 kg/ha ammonium sulfate, T₂ – 190.47 kg/ha ammonium sulfate, T₃ – 238.09 kg/ha ammonium sulfate, T₄ – 285.70 kg/ha ammonium sulfate, and T₅ – 333.33 Kg/ha ammonium sulfate.

Results showed that according to Class A classification of husked corn cob weight, plants fertilized with 142.85 kg/ha ammonium sulfate obtained the highest yield with a mean of 17.68.

The author recommends the application of fertilizer at a range of 142.85 to 333.33 kg/ha ammonium sulfate can be used in planting baby corn in between kakawate hedgerows.

Dingle, Leticia G. 2001. Performance of Two Varieties of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus Linn.) Planted Between Kakawate Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping is the practice of growing more than one crop on the same piece of land at the same time. It tends to increase and diversify the production per unit area by minimizing the growth of weeds, minimize damages due to insect attack by the presence of alternate host plants, improve soil fertility, and ultimately increase farmers’ income.

This study was conducted to determine the appropriate variety of okra planted between kakawate hedgerows. Planting of different okra seeds was done following drill method at 3 to 4 seeds per hill with a depth of 2.0 cm and the distance of planting of 30 cm x 80 cm. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 2 blocks. The treatments used were: T₁ - Smooth green and T₂ - Hagibis verde.

Results revealed that Hagibis Verde significantly performed better growth in terms of height at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting, percentage survival, highest number of fruits per plot and yield per hectare.

Dolor, Renato L. 2001. Performance of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linn.) in Between Kakawate Hedgerows as Affected by Different Length of Vine Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Sweet potato is one agricultural crop that can be introduced in Agroforestry farming as a cover crop. Vine cuttings are used as planting materials.

This study aimed to assess and determine the performance of different lengths of vine cuttings on the growth and yield of sweet potato intercrop with kakawate hedgerows in a sloping area.

The study was laid-out using Randomized Complete Block Design with the following treatments: L₁ - 20 cm length; L₂ - 25 cm length; L₃ - 30 cm length; L₄ - 35 cm length; L₅ – 40 cm length.

Results of the study revealed that cuttings with a length of 20 cm had the highest number of roots produced while cuttings with a length of 40 cm had the lowest. On the weight of harvested roots per plot, cuttings with a length of 35 cm had the heaviest harvested roots produced, while cuttings with a length of 30 cm had the lightest harvested roots. In terms of percentage weight of marketable roots, cuttings with a length of 20 cm had the lowest weight.

Based from the results, the researcher recommends 35 cm long sweet potato cuttings.

Gacutan, Eric A. 1990. Performance of Corn (LB Lagkitan) Planted Between Hedgerows of Kakawate as Affected by Different Levels of Chicken Manure Mixed With Commercial Fertilizers. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Corn is one of the most popular and important major cereal crops. Therefore, there is a need to find ways and means of improving its yield as well as to ensure better harvest. One way of doing this is fertilization, being considered as one of the most important operations of profitable farming.

This study was conducted to determine the performance of corn (var. LB Lagkitan) planted between hedgerows of kakawate as affected by different levels of chicken manure mixed with commercial fertilizers. A land area of 315 square meters was thoroughly prepared by removing the weeds between hedgerows of kakawate trees. The level of mixture of organic and commercial fertilizers applied was based on the soil analysis. Corn seeds were sown at a distance of 75 cm between furrows while 50 cm between hills were maintained. Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used in this study. The different treatments used were: T₀ – control, T₁ – 1L chicken manure, T₂ – 4.02 g/hill of 14-14-14 and 2.45 g/hill of 46-0-0, T₃ – 1L chicken manure plus 4.02 g/hill of 14-14-14 and 2.45 g/hill of 46-0-0, T₄ – 2L chicken manure plus 4.02 g/hill of 14-14-14 and 2.45 g/hill of 46-0-0, and T₅ – 4L chicken manure plus 4.02 g/hill of 14-14-14 and 2.45 g/hill of 46-0-0.

Results showed that plants applied four liters of chicken manure plus half of the recommended rates of the commercial fertilizer (4.02 g/hill of 14-14-14) and 2.45 g /hill of 46-0-0 were the tallest at maturity. Analyses of variance on the mean weight of corn ears, biggest mean diameter of corn plant and biggest leaf area index were highly significant.

Based on the benefit/cost ratio, all treatments applied with pure commercial fertilizer are recommended.

Leal, Jovelyn L. 2000. Growth and Yield of Multiplier Onion in Between Kakawate Hedgerows as Affected by Mulching Materials. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Mulching has been an essential practice in growing onion crops since it minimizes cultivation and weeding, reduces maximum soil temperature and increases moisture in the soils. Materials commonly used are rice straw, but rain tree leaves, kakawate leaves and Anchoan dilau leaves are more adaptable and sustainable to the topography and environmental conditions.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of the different mulching materials on the growth and yield of multiplier onion in between kakawate hedgerows. An area of 60sqm with kakawate hedgerows including alleys was used in the study. The hedgerows had spacing of four meters and pruned at 1m height for alley cropping of onion. The area was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments used were: T₀ – rice straw; T₁ – rain tree leaves; T₂ – kakawate leaves; and T₃ – Anchoan dilau leaves.

Results showed that all mulching materials used were comparably effective but rice straw had the highest performance in terms of plant height and height increments, size of bulblets, number of bulblets per plot and yield of harvested fresh onion bulbs and soil moisture conservation.

Lopez, Imee Y. 2002. Effect of Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Ube (Dioscorea alata Linn) Planted in Between Kakawate Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Fertilizer is an important factor to consider in correcting the nutritional deficiency of soil. It helps improve the soil fertility and hastens growth and development of plants.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of fertilizer on the growth and yield of ube planted in between kakawate hedgerows. Parameters considered were the number of sprouts that emerged on 30 days after planting (DAP); length of vines on 30, 60 and 90 DAP, number of leaves 90 DAP; number, length, and weight of harvested tubers per hill, and weight of harvested tuber in kilograms per hectare. An area of 42 sqm was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks. Each block contained 10 hills, making it 30 hills for the whole study. The treatments used were: T₀ – control; T₁ – Sagana 100; T₂ – chicken manure; T₃ – swine manure; and T₄ – urea.

Results revealed no significant effect of fertilizer in all the parameters considered. It has been recommended that ube can grow in between kakawate hedgerows even without the use of fertilizer.

Mones, Allan A. 1996. Performance of Eggplant Varieties as Alley Crop Between Kakawate Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted at the Sloping Agricultural Land Technologies (SALT) project of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, North La Union Campus of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union from October 22, 1995 to January 22, 1996. It aimed to determine the varietal performance and the best variety of eggplant as an alley crop grown between kakawate hedgerows.

Using the following treatments, the area was laid-out using the Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications: T₀ – Dumaguete long purple (Check variety); T₁ – Batangas Long purple, T₂ – Casino 901 Hybrid and T₃ – Jackpot Hybrid.

Results of the study revealed that all the four eggplant varieties performed comparably in terms of plant height, number and weight of marketable fruits. Hence, any of the eggplant variety evaluated may be used as alley crop in between kakawate hedgerows.

Orine, Nelia O. 1996. Performance of Sweet Potato Varieties (Ipomoea batatas Linn.) on Alleys of Kakawate Hedgerows During Rainy Season. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The concept of agroforestry farming employs forestry species and agricultural crops on appropriate and suitable areas either simultaneously or sequentially. This concept of farming has been accepted and practiced widely by the rural farmers because of the social, economic and ecological benefits derived from the system, e.g. establishing leguminous hedgerows such as kakawate and planting agricultural crops such as sweet potato on its alleys.

A study on the performance of sweet potato lines/varieties such as: NPSP08, NPSP64, NPSP48, NPSP160, NPSP160 and VSP2 (check variety) to evaluate their growth characteristics and yield potential when planted in an alleys of kakawate hedgerows during the rainy season was conducted at the Agroforestry Research and Development Farm, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union.

Results revealed significant variations on the number of tubers produced per hill with NPSP48 as the highest (14.40 tubers/hill) but was inferior in terms of number (2.0) of sweet potato secondary vines. VSP2 (check variety) was the lowest at 5.33 tubers/hill.

On the other hand, NPSP08 significantly produced more number of 8.53 sweet potato secondary vines which was comparable to all other entries, but statistically higher than VSP2 the check variety (4.07) secondary vines. Moreover, NPSP160 produced significantly longer sweet potato primary vines of 3.10m.

As regards to storage root yield in kilogram per plot or in tons/hectare, dry matter yield/hill and vine yield in grams/plot of the different sweet potato entries, result revealed no significant variations among the entries tested.

Based on the results of the study, none of the entries used produced or developed expected storage root yield at 97 days from planting.

Sagmayao, Narciso B. 1996. Effect of Distance of Planting of Upland Rice Varieties in Alleys of Kakawate Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In view of the rapid population growth and greater demand for food, cultural aspect like proper spacing may contribute towards the production of more quality crops and higher yield. In the same manner, utilization of interspaces between tree plants will lead to maximum land utilization.

The study aimed to determine which of the different upland rice varieties and distance of planting would give the best growth and yield when planted in alleys of kakawate hedgerows. The study was laid out using the Split-plot Design in three replications. Mainplot: Variety (V), V₁ – UPLR1-7, V₂ – UPLR1-5, V₃ – PSBRc-1, V₄ – C22; and Subplot: Distance of Planting (D), D₁ – 10cm x 25cm, D₂ – 20 cm x 25 cm, and D₃ – 30cm x 25cm.

UPLR1-7 produced the longest panicle and the highest 1000 grains/plot. UPLR1-5 significantly outyielded the other varieties and produced significantly the heaviest 1000 grains/plot. All other parameters did not vary significantly among upland rice varieties. In terms of distance of planting, all parameters did not respond favorably.

The interaction between upland rice varieties and distance of planting did not influence the height, panicle length, total and percentage spikelets, weight of 1000 grains and computed grain yield/ha of the different upland rice varieties.

Serra, Dante R. 1994. The Effect of Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Super Sweet Corn (Zea maize Linn.) as an Alley Crop in Kakawate Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The practice of alley cropping, which is primarily based on spatial arrangement of crops grown in a particular farm space, is one viable alternative technology in upland farming.

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and yield of supper sweet corn as an alley crop in kakawate hedgerows. Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks was employed with the following treatments used: (50 cm x 45 cm, 50 cm x 50 cm, 50 cm x 55 cm). It was conducted at the Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) project of the Agroforestry Research and Demonstration Farm, DMMMSU-NLUC.

The result of the study revealed that super sweet corn planted at 50 x 45 cm were the tallest but with lowest dry matter production. However, this treatment was not significantly different from the other treatments. Plants at 50 x 55 cm spacing produced the heaviest yield which was significantly higher than other treatments.

Based on the results of the study, spacing had no influence on the total height and dry weight biomass of corn plants. The yield of super sweet corn plant at wider spacing produced significantly heavier yield than closely spaced plants.

Crops + Rensonii as Hedgerows

Labcaen, Grace D. 2000. Growth and Yield of Baby Corn (Sweet Corn Var.) in Between Rensonii Hedgerows as Affected by Planting Distance. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Intercropping is one practical way to maximize the use of land. The practice of Agroforestry could improve the economic lifestyle of the people.

This study was conceptualized to determine the growth and yield of baby corn as affected by planting distance in between rensonii hedgerows, and to determine the best planting distance that would produce the best growth and the heaviest yield when planted in alleys of rensonii.

An area of 144 sq.m. with a slope gradient of 50 degrees and with established rensonii hedgerows was selected. Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks was used. The following treatments were used: T₁ - 20 cm x 60 cm; T₂ - 25 cm x 25 cm; T₃ - 30 cm x 30 cm; T₄ - 15 cm x 45 cm; T₅ - 50 cm x 70 cm.

The results of the study revealed that the different planting distance such as 20 cm x 60 cm, 25 cm x 25 cm, 30 cm x 30 cm, 15 cm x 45 cm and 50 cm x 70 cm had comparable effects on baby corn in terms of plant height and maturity, number of corn ear per plant, length of cob corn and diameter of cob corn. For a high yield per hectare basis, 20 cm x 60 cm distance is recommended in planting baby corn between rensonii hedgerows.

Quinto, Marites S. 1996. Effect of Planting Distance on the Performance of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) var. Smooth Green in Alleys of Rensonii. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

One farming system for the rainfed uplands is the combination of okra and rensonii species in an agroforestry system in the uplands. Appropriate spacing of the okra is a problem in production. Proper distance of planting is a factor to consider to increase crop yield.

This study was conducted to determine which of the different distances of planting of smooth green okra would produce the best growth and yield when planted in alleys of rensonii. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the study with the following treatments: T₁- 25 x 50 cm, T₂- 30 x 50 cm, T₃- 35 x 50 cm.

Results of the study revealed that T2 had the greatest monthly height increment and the tallest during the duration of the study. The planting distance of 25 x 50 cm produced the most number of fruits per hill and the planting distance at 35 cm x 50 cm yielded the heaviest pods.

Except the computed yield in tons/ha which was highly significant, Analysis of Variance in all the parameters taken showed no significant differences. Planting distance at 35 x 50 cm was significantly heavier compared to the close distance of 25 x 50 cm.

Based from the results of the study, the researcher recommends the planting distance of 35 cm x 50 cm and 25 x 50 cm in planting okra in alleys of rensonii.

Crops + Alnus as Hedgerows

Beroso, Nancy S. 1999. Growth and Yield Performance of Celery in Agroforestry System Involving Citrus with Alnus Hedgerows. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Intensifying the use of steep areas without causing undue land degradation requires the application of sound farm practices. Combining forest crops with agricultural crops in a proper spatial arrangement can be an alternative food production system that can be adopted.

This study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of celery as intercrop in an agroforestry system involving citrus with alnus hedgerows, to compare the profitability of the farming system and to determine the rate of soil erosion in the cropping system involving celery as intercrop of citrus with alnus hedgerows.

The treatments involved the planting of celery as pure stand, celery as alley crop of alnus hedgerows with out citrus and celery as intercrop of citrus with alnus hedgerows.

Results showed that celery plants grown as intercrop in Agroforestry system involving citrus with alnus hedgerows were stimulated to grow faster with a weekly height increment mean of 5.58 cm. The highest percentage survival (97.33%) in this treatment also produced the highest total yield of 14.2 kgs, and consequently the highest total value of P497.00. Partial shading of celery by citrus and alnus hedgerows resulted to slightly thin petiole.

The total soil loss in the citrus-alnus celery Agroforestry system was found to be 9.96tons/ha. O.M., P and K contents of the soil increased after harvest of celery but soil pH decreased.

Santiago, Julie. 2001. Growth and Yield of Selected Varieties of Yam (Dioscorea alata) under Citrus-Alnus AF System. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

The contribution of exported products to the national economy is still very low due to the seasonal and low production of yams. With assured production, other potential products could be developed and exported. One way of ensuring yam production is by integrating it as a component of Agroforestry.

The study was conducted to determine the varietal performance of yams grown under citrus - alnus AF system in terms of growth yield and tuber quality.

Of all the varieties tested, Sampero took the longest number of days to emerge. Meanwhile, plant vigor significantly differed among the different yam varieties while the number of vines did not

significantly differ. “Daking” produced the most number of tubers followed by “Padikot” and “Sampero”. As to tuber skin texture, “Daking” had rough, uniformly smooth and grooved texture. “Padikot” had uniformly smooth and rough texture while “Sampero” had rough texture.

“Padikot” had few rootlets that are scattered, under spaces and with a length of about half of an inch. “Daking” had deep rootlets that were found traversing the edible flesh and “Sampero” had moderate rootlets which are closely spaced. For the purple pigmentation, “Daking” had uniform deep purple at middle, whether near skin/mixture of white and purple and slightly irregular pigmentation

“Padikot” had purple flesh/uniformly deep purple pigment while “Sampero” was deep purple at middle, or dark purple to lighter. It was found out that Padikot and Daking had good performance as a component of the citrus-alnus Agroforestry system in terms of growth and tuber quality.

Further study is recommended to evaluate the land equivalent ratio of an agroforestry system involving yam, citrus and alnus.

ALLEY CROPPING

Abenoja, Melita S. 1996. Response of Baby Corn (Zea maize Linn.) to Different Seeding Rates in an Alley Cropping System. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Planting of agronomic crops like baby corn in alleys makes land utilization more efficient. It helps solve the problem of increasing gap between production and demand and in forest conservation. In alley cropping, seedling rates play a vital role in increasing young cob corn production.

The study evaluated the response of baby corn to different seeding rates in an alley cropping system. The experimental area was 180 square meters with 20-30% slope planted with existing one-year old flemingia hedgerows. The experimental design was Split Plot Design in the following treatments: Mainplots – without and with flemingia hedgerows; and Subplot – 4 seeds/hill, 6 seeds/hill, and 8 seeds/hill.

The results of the study revealed no significant differences on the effect of hedgerows with flemingia and hedgerows without flemingia on the height of baby corn, percent lodging, percent of corn plants that bear flowers, length of corn cobs, diameter of corn cobs and weight of harvested corn cobs. However, hedgerows with flemingia significantly resulted to the production of more corn ears, higher computed corn cob yield and better cost and return analysis.

On the effects of seeding rates and their interaction between the hedgerows and seeding rates, there were no significant differences on the height diameter of corn, cob yield/subplot, computed cob yield/ha and cost and return analysis of producing a hectare of baby corn.

Addawan, Rosemarie G. 1995. Performance of Upland Rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) Varieties in Alley Cropping System. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Alley cropping is a type of agroforestry system which involves planting of hedgerows along the contours and growing agricultural crops in the alleys formed between the hedgerows.

A study on the performance of different upland rice varieties, such as UPL Ri-5, UPL Ri-7, PSB Rc -1 was evaluated to determine which variety will produce the best growth and yield under alley cropping system. It employed the Randomized Complete Block Design with four blocks.

Results of the study showed that PSB Rc-1 gave a highly significant result on the height of the rice plants at maturity while UPL Ri-7 showed significant difference on the weight of grains. Length of panicle, total number of spikelets per panicle, percentage of filled grains per panicle and on the grain yield in tons per hectare were comparable for all the rice varieties tested.

Based on the results of the study, any of the upland rice varieties (UPL Ri- 5, UPL Ri- 7, and PSB Rc- 1) could be used in the upland adopting the alley cropping.

Bautista, Raul M. 1996. Evaluation of Promising Sweet Potato Clone (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in an Alley Cropping System. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted to evaluate the eating quality of the promising sweet potato clone (for leaf tip in an alley cropping system at the Agroforestry Research Development Farm (ARDF) from November 26, 1994 to February 18, 1995. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the study. The treatments used were the following: T₁ – LO76, T₂ – NO76, T₃ – NO56, T₄ – NO01 and T₅ – LO32.

The results of the study showed that the different sweet potato clones produced significant differences in terms of percentage survival and total leaf tip yield in kilograms per plant. Sweet potato clone NO76, NO56, NO01 and LO32 with means of 100% and LO76 (3.08 kg) respectively. As to the length of vine, number of branches per plant number of storage roots and tuber yield per plant (g) the analysis of variance showed insignificant differences among treatment means. However, sweet potato clone NO56 produced the longest vine (44.67 cm). Sweet potato clone LO76 produced the highest number of branches (10.33) while sweet potato clone LO32 produced the highest number of tubers (1.43) and the heaviest tubers (38.33 g).

Based on the findings of the study, sweet potato clone NO76 was noted to have the highest mean on the production of leaf tips (3.08 kg) and LO32 was noted to have the highest root yield (38.33 g).

Botengan, Norma. 1999. Soil Fertility Degradation in Two Selected Cropping System under Barangay Pico Conditions. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

In production, farmer’s utilization and management of land is dependent on the application of high rate and inappropriate inorganic fertilizer as well as “cocktailed” and banned toxic pesticides to maintain good harvest. As a result, the plants, animals, and most of all the soil physical and chemical properties are destroyed.

The prevailing fertility levels and the state of soil fertility degradation in two selected agricultural soils were studied through chemical analysis. The agricultural soils were taken from monocropping and crop rotation system while non agricultural soil was utilized as a basis of comparison.

Over-all values of pH, organic matter, nitrogen and cation exchange capacity were highly significant (lower) in the soil from agricultural soil than in the non-agricultural soil. Furthermore, the soils from crop rotation had significantly higher values in pH than that of the soils from monocropping (t-test).

The soil from crop rotation recorded significantly higher values in phosphorus and potassium compared to that from monocropping that crop rotation practice leads to a better fertility status in terms of phosphorus and potassium contents.

The level of degradation in pH organic matter content was highly significant in both cropping systems. In the crop rotation practiced, the level of degradation in cation exchange capacity was significant.

The result signifies that soil degradation persisted in both cropping systems; however, the extent was generally higher in monocropping system than that of crop rotation system, specifically, the level of degradation in pH which recorded highly significant than that of the crop rotation. Lower values of the above soil chemical parameters were attributed to the continuous utilization and indiscriminate management of the soil.

The obtained data on phosphorus and potassium content of soils under agricultural setting registered significantly higher values than those of non-agricultural soils, however, falling closely within the normal size range for phosphorus (15-50ppm) and potassium (200-2000ppm). These findings could be attributed to intensive and indiscriminate application of inorganic or commercial potash and phosphates

Solera, Carlito R. 1995. Competition between Hedgerow Species and Upland Rice in an Alley Cropping System. PhD Dissertation, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The presence of hedgerow in an alley cropping system generated a negative effect on the alley crops. Yield reduction of crops near the hedgerows is caused by either light competition or nutrient and water competition. This reduction was observed in different parts of the tropics where alley cropping is practiced or experimented.

Two wet season experiments (1990 and 1991) were conducted in the acid upland of Southern Philippines to determine the extent of competition between the

hedgerow and upland rice in an alley cropping system. In the 1990 wet season experiment, roots of hedgerows of Cassia spectabilis and upland rice were separated by plastic barrier, trench and double plowing. The same method was employed in a Gliricidia sepium + upland rice competition study. The plots in both experiments were divided into two: one was applied 30kg P/ha and the other was not applied with phosphorus. The

hedgerows of both species were maintained at 50 cm. Another experiment (in 1990) was conducted to determine the effect of hedgerow heights (50cm, 30cm, and control or no pruning at all) on the growth and development of upland rice with the use of an existing one-year C. spectabilis hedgerow.

In the 1991 competition experiment, only the C. spectabilis hedgerow in the 1990 experiment was repeated, but with modifications in the treatments. The kill hedgerow and 1–m deep barrier were added.

There were no significant differences in height, grain yield, and total dry matter of upland rice alley crop among the plots that received the different lateral root pruning treatments. The installation of root barrier to eliminate the underground root competition did not significantly improve the growth and development of upland rice.

The killing of hedgerow and the addition of 1-m root barrier did not significantly increase the growth and development of upland rice in the alley. The application of phosphorus significantly increased the growth of upland rice. In all treatments, rows of rice near the height of hedgerows had significant effect on the growth and development of upland rice. The unpruned hedgerows significantly decreased the TDM, height and grain yield of upland rice, while the pruned hedgerows significantly increased the growth and development of rice.

The plowing of alleys in all plots might have eliminated the underground root competition. All roots of hedgerows were eliminated by plowing the alleys twice before the rice was sown. The damaged roots in all the alleys of the two hedgerows (every 2 weeks) retarded the growth of roots of hedgerows due to reduced photosynthesis. Hence, all root treatments did not have an effect on rice growth and development.

In the hedgerow height increment, the growth and development of rice were significantly affected.

It is concluded that underground root competition in an alley cropping system can be eliminated by plowing the alley twice. Roots of hedgerows can be completely destroyed by plowing. A hedgerow height of 50cm is optimum for alley cropping system.

Hedgerows, if not pruned, can be significantly suppress the rice growth in the alley. The lower half of the hedgerow had better soil qualities than the upper half.

AQUASILVICULTURE

Bindadan, Marcela O. 2001. Performance of Tilapia in Concrete and Earthen Pond in an Agri- Silvicultural System in Itogon, Benguet. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Tilapia can easily be cultured in ponds, pens and cages, rice paddies, and also in concrete tanks. Ironically, current production is not sufficient to meet the demands and needs of the nation.

The study determined performance of tilapia cultured in earthen and concrete ponds as a component of an AF system and the income derived.

The results showed that tilapia reared in concrete pond had heavier weight thus producing higher yield. On the other hand, the earthen pond produced lesser yield due to smaller sizes and exposure of tilapia to inclement weather.

In terms of water temperature, the concrete pond was slightly warmer than the earthen pond. The warmer water temperature effected the least growth and heavier yield of tilapia.

The production of tilapia in concrete pond is recommended as a component of an agrisilvicultural Agroforestry system.

SILVIPASTORALISM

Afos, Paul P. 1983. Performance of Different Pasture Grasses Planted Under Ipil-ipil Trees. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

One of the most promising modifications of present day farming is the utilization of the space in between rows of trees. Grass is the cheapest feed for livestock. It helps prevent soil erosion and preserves the moisture content of the soil and makes the world a greener place to live in.

This study was conducted to determine the performance of four species of grasses planted under ipil-ipil trees. A slight rolling area of 52.25 sqm planted with 3-year old giant ipil-ipil trees with a distance of 2 m x 1.5 m was used in the study. Rootstocks of the four species of grass were planted at the rate of three rootstocks per hill with 10 hills per plot. The different treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The treatments used were T₁ - Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schumachi; T₂ - Paragrass (Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.); T₃ - Kennedy019 grass (Brachiaria ruziniensis); T₄ - Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Linnaeus).

Results revealed that napier produced the highest computed yield. It performs best among the pasture grasses in terms of growth and yield.

Balawag, Decatur B. 1996. Comparative Study on the Performance of Broilers with and Without Ipil-ipil Soilage. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Some researchers revealed that feeding hens with Leucaena meals can dramatically increase production of eggs that hatch. Ipil-ipil, belonging to the Leucaena family, is being commonly used as feed supplement for livestock and poultry. The highly palatable and digestible evergreen tree is believed to have as much as twice (as compared with alfalfa) riboflavin and vitamin K, which enhances egg hatchability.

The study was conducted to compare the performance of broilers with and ipil-ipil soilage.

Sixty day-old broiler chicks were used in the study, distributed at random following the Completely Randomized Design replicated three times. The treatments used were: T₁ – pure commercial mash and T₂ – 50% soilage and 50% commercial mash.

Results revealed that birds fed with five commercial mashes obtained significantly better performance in terms of weekly gain in weight, profit above feed and stock cost and feed consumption than those broilers fed with 50% soilage and 50% commercial mash.

Benabese, Teresita B. 1996. Feeding Trials on Sheep (Ovis aries) Using Different Multipurpose Fodder Tree Legume Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines.

In many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics, there are shortages of feed supply both for backyard and commercial livestock production. Several feeding trials using multipurpose tree species that are high in protein may offer a promising means of improving animal performances.

Considering the potential of multipurpose fodder tree legume species as feed for ruminants, the study was conducted to determine which among the three multipurpose fodder trees (giant Ipil-ipil, kakawate and acacia) can give the best growth performance of sheep.

Nine sheeps were used in the study employing the Randomized Complete Block Design with three treatments replicated three times. The treatments used were: T₁ - acacia leaves + concentrate, T₂ – kakawate leaves + concentrate, and T₃ – giant Ipil-ipil leaves + concentrates.

The results of the study showed that sheep fed with giant ipil-ipil leaves + concentrate obtained the heaviest final weight, highest gain in weight and highest in feed consumption. However, sheeps fed with acacia leaves + concentrate obtained the lowest in all the parameters.

Calibuso, Alicia P. & Ando S. Saydoquen. 1987. Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Selected Forage Grasses Planted under Nangka Plantation and on Cogonal Areas. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Phils.

Forage grasses like Alabang X, Guinea grass and napier are very important for grazing animals which can be grown in between rows of trees like nangka and also in cogonal areas. These also help prevent soil erosion, preserve moisture content of the soil and make the place greener to live in.

The study aimed to determine the performance of the three selected forage grasses planted under nangka plantation and on cogonal areas. Two separate areas with a combined measurement of 144 sqm including the alleys between rows and plots were used in the study using the 2 x 3 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design.

Results showed no significant differences observed on the average number of tillers produced under nangka plantation and cogonal area.

Factor B (grasses) showed a highly significant result on the comparison among treatment means. Guinea grass and napier were significantly higher in terms of fresh herbage yield and survival than that of Alabang X.

Guinea and napier are highly recommended to be planted on both areas because they gave the best yield and performance.

Pasion, Rodel G. 1996. Performance of Growing Sheep (Ovis aries) Fed with Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena Leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) Leaves as Soilage. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The unavailability and lack of grazing land and pasture land in the tropics is a cause for alarm in the Philippines and other developing countries. There is a shortage of field supply both in small-hold or backyard and commercial livestock production.

This study was conducted to determine the performance of growing sheep fed with giant ipil-ipil leaves as soilage. Randomized Complete Block Design with three treatments replicated three times was used in the study. The treatments used were the following: T₁ – pure giant ipil-ipil leaves (ad libitum), T₂ – giant ipil-ipil and concentrate and T₃ – giant ipil-ipil and concentrate plus enzyme.

Results of the study showed that sheep fed with giant ipil-ipil leaves and concentrate obtained the highest monthly gain in weight, total gain in weight and profit above feed and stock cost. On the feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, sheep fed with pure giant ipil-ipil leaves had the highest mean while sheep fed with giant ipil-ipil and concentrate plus enzyme had the lowest feed consumption mean. On the feed conversion ratio, the lowest were the sheep fed with ipil-ipil and concentrate. ANOVA showed insignificant results.

Giant ipil-ipil leaves and concentrate is recommended as feed for sheep because it resulted to the highest profit feed and cost stock.

Soriano, Rosita D. 1993. Performance of Native Goats Fed With Two Different Tree Crop Species as Soilage. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The depletion and shrinking of grazing land and rangeland in the tropics and sub tropics is a cause for alarm which will result in increasing soil erosion and reducing soil moisture.

This study was conducted to determine which of the tree crop species would result to better performance of the goats.

The T-test method was used in analyzing the data. Six native goats were distributed at random with 3 replications and were fed and observed with the following treatments: A - mulberry, B - Anabiong.

The results of the study showed that the goats fed with mulberry soilage were heavier than goats fed with anabiong. The T-test showed no significant differences between the two treatments.

Goats fed with mulberry had higher profit above labor and stock costs than those goats fed with anabiong.

Trongco, Condrito & Victoria Casero. 1987. Performance of Pasture Grasses Under Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Plantation. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Maximum production of plant grasses is needed to support the increasing demand for livestock.

The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three pasture grasses (alabang x, napier and guinea) planted in between cashew. The Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks was used in the lay- out of the study.

The three forages planted under cashew trees had significant differences in performance in terms of survival rate, yield/hill and yield/plot. On the other hand, insignificant differences were observed in terms of the number of tillers produced/hill and yield per/plot.

Based on the results of the study, napier had the best performance in terms of survival rate, yield/hill and yield/hectare; hence, this is recommended.

SERICULTURE

Ancheta, Lilia A. 1998. Performance of Silkworm Hybrids Fed With Promising Mulberry Varieties Across Season. Institutional Research, DMMMSU-SRDI, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The performance of six bivoltine silkworm hybrids (DMSU 115 x 101, DMSU 115 x 103, DMSU 102 x 103, DMSU 101 x 115, DMSU 107 x 102 and DMSU 101 x 103) fed with four mulberry varieties (Batac, S-54, K-2 and S-13) reared two times each during dry and wet seasons were studied from July 1997 to April 1998. The RCBD arranged in factorial experiment with three replications was employed.

During wet season, S-13 and K-2 were found to be the best among the four mulberry varieties tested as feed to bivoltine silkworm hybrids. These varieties outyielded Batac by 15.28 and 10.81%, respectively.

On the other hand, DMSU 115 x 103, DMSU 102 x 103 and DMSU 101 x 115 outyielded the check (DMSU 115 x 1014) by 8.98, 8.62 and 8.58%, respectively. These mulberry varieties and bivoltine hybrids are recommended during wet season.

During dry season, S-13 performed best among the four mulberry varieties as feed to bivoltine silkworm hybrids. This variety outyielded Batac with 16.36%. On the other hand, DMSU 102 x 103, DMSU 101 x 103 outyielded the check (DMSU 115 x 101) by 3.47% and 2.05%, respectively. These mulberry varieties and bivoltine hybrids are

recommended during dry season.

Ancheta, Lilia A. et al. 1994. Performance of Silkworm as Affected by Different Materials Used in Maintaining Relative Humidity in the Rearing Bed During Young Age. Institutional Research, DMMMSU-SRDI, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The performance of silkworm as affected by different materials in maintaining the relative humidity in the rearing beds during young age was studied. The treatments used were the following: no materials, cloth, newspaper and foam pad as control. Two pieces of flour sack were used as material and coiled per piece, six sheets were soaked in a basin with 150 li of water set in a rearing tray surrounding the newly brushed silkworm larvae at two inches away. Every molting period from first to third instar, all the set materials were removed and reset upon resumption of feeding.

Performance of silkworm larvae subjected to the different materials for maintaining the relative humidity did not differ in all the parameters gathered.

On the other hand, yearly performance of silkworm during the rearing trials differed significantly except on the fecundity where the silkworms were comparable. Furthermore, 1993 (March - April) rearing gave significantly the highest mean weight of mature larvae, weight of single cocoon, shell percentage, pupation rate, weight of pupa, filament length, weight of raw silk, effective rearing rate, yield per box, net income and return of investment compared to 1992 (January - February) and 1994 (November-December) rearing months.

Astrero, Frediel. 1996. Comparative Study on the Methods of Spacing on the Growth and Survival of Mulberry (Morus alba L., variety S54). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines.

The study was conducted to compare the square and rectangular method of spacing on the growth and survival of mulberry in terms of number of leaves, branches, branchlets, length of branches and percentage survival with 60cm x 60 cm (square) and 30cm x 120 cm (rectangular) as treatments. It was conducted at the Sericulture Research and Development Institute of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Northern La Union Campus, Bacnotan, La Union from October 23, 1995 to January 23, 1996.

Two hundred sixteen selected samplings of mulberry were used in the study with two treatments replicated three (3) times. The following treatments were used in the study: T₁ – 60cm x 60cm (square method), T₂ – 30cm x 120cm (rectangular method). Analysis of data was done with the use of T-test.

The study revealed that spacing of 60cm x 60cm (T₁) or the square method of spacing produced greater number of leaves, branches, branchlets and length of branches of mulberry over the spacing of 30cm x 120cm (T₂) or the rectangular method of spacing. However, no comparable differences were observed.

Furthermore, the rectangular method of spacing (30cm x 120cm) obtained higher percentage survival over the square method (60cm x 60cm).

Based on the results of the study, the square method (60cm x 60cm) is recommended over the rectangular method (30cm x 120cm) for mulberry, specifically S54 mulberry variety on flat areas. It showed a better performance on all the parameters (except for the percentage survival which is not affected by the spacing method) compared to rectangular spacing.

Quinzon. Guillermo R. 1998. Promising Varieties of Mulberry Intercropped with Cash crops. Institutional Research, DMMMSU-SRDI, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Using strip plot design, the study aimed to evaluate the possibility of intercropping cash crops in between the mulberry plantation as an additional source of income and to select the best profitable intercrop (such as tomato, pechay, okra and sweet pepper) suited to the different varieties of mulberry, such as Batac, MY sore local, S13, S54 and SRDC and M. Nigra. This study was conducted at the

experimental farm of SRDI- DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union.

Results showed that tomato intercrop significantly yielded best and produced the highest return of investment (ROI). However, all the crops studied can be used as intercrops as they produced profitable yield. Furthermore, there was no interaction effect between the variety and the intercrop, and the different varieties of mulberry yield and harvesting process.

ALLELOPATHY

Bonel, Precila F. et al. 2000. Allelopathic Effect of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya) on the Germination and Growth of Some Agronomic Crops. BSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines.

With the abundance of pine trees in Benguet, investigating whatever potentials are present in it particularly its inhibitory effects would economically benefit farmers.

The experiment was conducted primarily to determine the allelophatic effects of pines extracts obtained from the barks, leaves, and roots in varied concentrations – control (50%,75% dilutions and 100% dilution extracts) on the germination of beans, corn, cucumber, garden pea, mongo and pechay. Effect of pine extracts in different concentrations on the vegetative growth of beans and pechay, was assessed in Experiment II.

The seeds of beans, corn, cucumber, garden pea, mongo and pechay were treated with pines bark, leaf and root extracts with varying concentrations in Experiment I. The three extract used were: bark (A1), leaf (A2) and root (A3). For the different concentrations, the following were used: control (distilled water), 50% dilution (50:50 extract: water), 75% (75ml extract: 25 ml water), and 100% dilution (pure extract). Pure extract was derived by diluting 200g of the material in one liter water. This served as the stock solution (100%). Similar treatment was used in Experiment II with pechay and beans as test plants.

There were 12 treatments in Experiment I with extract source as Factor A and extract source concentrations as Factor B. Treatments were replicated 3 times. Seeds of the different test crops were germinated in different Petri dishes lined with moistened cotton and tissue papers. Percentage germination was obtained.

In Experiment II, seeds were germinated directly in polyethylene bags filled with garden soil. Ten days after germination, the different plants tested were sprayed with extracts which were prepared as in Exp. I. Similar treatments as in Exp. I were followed namely: different concentrations (control, 50% and 75% dilutions and 100% dilution) and extract sources. Subsequent spraying was done for four weeks. During this period, the height increment, fresh weight and percentage dry matter of the bean and pechay seedling were observed. The leaf area and the percentage survival were obtained only upon termination of the experiment.

For the two experiments, the CRD was followed. DMRT was used to test differences among treatments.

In Experiment I, results showed that seeds subjected to 75% dilution and 100% extract (stock solution) did not germinate. Percentage germination of beans, corn, cucumber, garden pea, mongo and pechay was significantly reduced by barks, leaf, and root extracts. Among the three, the bark and the leaf extracts exhibited the most inhibition as shown on the percentage of germination. There was a reduction on the percentage of germination as an effect of the significant interaction between the three extract source and the concentrations. In Experiment II, results revealed a significant effect of Pinus kesiya extract source with varying concentrations on the early vegetative growth of beans and pechay. Bark and leaf extracts decreased the height, fresh weight, dry weight and dry matter of the test plants and the reduction was pronounced during the last 2 weeks of the 4 weeks observation period. Similarly, extracts with high concentrations starting from 75% significantly reduced the vegetative growth of beans and pechay and the inhibitive effects was delayed having occurred during the last 2 weeks. Seventy five percent and the undiluted bark and leaf extracts evidently caused a decrease in the leaf area. Percentage survival, though, of test plants was not significantly affected by the extracts although there was a decreasing trend on the percentage survival with higher concentrations of both bark and leaf extracts.

The study warrants the need for further research to determine suitable crops that could be grown under pine tree forests, thus maximizing the use of available land resources for food production.

De Castro, Clemence, T. 1994. Allelopathic Influence of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium Jacq. Steud), Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala, Lam de Wit) and Teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) Leaf Leachates on the Termination of Selected Agronomic Crops under Laboratory Condition. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In case of agricultural crops, same species could also secrete substances which will be detrimental to other plants. Allelopathic compounds are known to inhibit seed germination or produce growth by inhibiting cell division, reducing mineral uptake, increasing or decreasing respiration, and inhibiting protein and hemoglobin synthesis.

This study was conducted to determine the physiological interaction of kakawate, giant ipil-ipil, teak leaf leachates on the germination of kadios, cowpea, corn, sorghum, okra and ampalaya.

The experiment was laid out following the 4 x 6 Factorial in CRD with three replications. The different treatments used were: Factor A (Leaf Leachates), T₁ – distilled water(control), T₂ – Ipil-ipil, T₃ – Teak and T₄ – Kakawate; and Factor B (Agronomic Crop Seeds), A₁ – Kadios, A₂ – Cowpea, A₃ – Corn, A₄ – Sorghum, A₅ – Okra and A₆ – Ampalaya.

Based from the findings, kakawate leaf leachates significantly enhanced earlier germination of seeds. Corn seeds as affected by the different plant leachates significantly exhibited the highest percentage germination and germination energy. Kadios seeds were significantly the earliest to germinate.

There was no significant interaction effect between the plant leachates and agronomic crops in all the parameters.

AGRICULTURE

Abubo, Sixto S. 1996. A Preliminary Survey of Fungal Diseases of Banana in La Union. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the pathogenic fungi-causing diseases of bananas in selected towns of La Union from November 1995 to January 1996.

Seven municipalities, namely: Bacnotan, Balaoan, Bauang, Caba, Santol, San Gabriel, San Juan Sudipen, and the DMMMSU Banana Experimental Project were chosen as survey sites.

Disease samples were collected and diagnosed based from the symptoms observed in the survey sites and from the signs each isolated microorganism studied at the Crop Protection Laboratory room.

Results of the pathogenicity test showed that the following diseases of banana were found in all the survey sites: Banana leaf streak (Cercospora musae (speg.) H. Sydow & Sydow), Sigatoka (Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense Snyd & Hans (Foc). The banana varieties found to be susceptible to these fungal diseases were latundan, lakatan, cavendish and saba.

Agbulos, Dexter C. 1994. Effectiveness of Insecticide–Sex Pheromone Trap – Metarrhizium Combinations Against Sweet Potato Weevil during Summer Planting in La Union. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The control effectiveness of different management tactics using sex pheromone trap, metarrhizium, and insecticide against sweet potato weevil during summer planting was conducted at the Agritec Center of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Bacnotan, La Union from March to June 30, 1994.

Results revealed that all management tactics were comparably effective in reducing the number of sweet potato weevil on the main vines at harvest, percent damage on storage roots at harvest, percent rating on storage roots at harvest, and mean damage rating of storage roots at harvest. All management tactics were significantly effective in reducing crop loss of 2.33% to 3.75% compared to the untreated plants (57.93%) based on the total yield. This finding suggests that all management tactics were effective in managing sweet potato weevil, thus any of them is recommended. The use of Metarrhizium of pheromone trap either combined or singly can be an alternative to the use of insecticide. Two times spraying of Baythroid insecticide at 30 to 60 days after planting is highly recommended over other spray schedules.

Apalla, Venerando V. 1995. Time of Handweeding on White Potato Grown Under Lowland Culture. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted from December 17, 1994 to March 15, 1995 at the Vegetable Center of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, North La Union Campus, Bacnotan, La Union to determine the best time of handweeding of white potato grown under lowland culture. The following treatments were used: T₀ – no weeding (Control 1), T₁ – Herbicide (Control2), T2– Handweeding (45 DAP), T₄ – handweeding (55 DAP), T₅ – handweeding (60 DAP) and T₆ – handweeding (beyond 60 DAP). The different handweeding resulted to comparable weed control with pre-emergence herbicide application at maturity. However, delayed handweeding beyond 45 DAP, resulted to significant reduction of tuber yield by 27.6 to 41.09% based from control. The critical period of handweeding was found at 30 to 45 DAP to effect tuber yield increase of 56.60% to 77.77% based from the control 1 (no weeding).

Berayon, Belen F. 1982. Persistence of Dinitramine and Pendimethaline in the Soil. MSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet, Philippines.

The dinitranilien herbicides have shown varied applicability in a variety of horticultural and agronomic crops. Studies particularly those conducted under temperate conditions revealed that dinitramine are quite resistant to soil degradation.

The effect of different soil types, application rates and moisture levels on persistence of dinitramine and pendimethaline were evaluated in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions.

Higher residual phytoxicity from the herbicides was obtained in clay loam soil cover clay and fine sandy loam soils at 50 to 110 days due to their lower soil organic matter content. Herbicides residues were very minimal after three months in all three soils. Dinitramine was lost faster than the pendimethalin at 50 to 80 days after application. However, both herbicides were almost undetectable after three months. With sorghum bioassay, the general ranking of recovered pendimethaline residues were clay loam >clay> fine sandy loam. With gas liquid chromatography the ranking was changed to fine sandy loam>clay. This is because the bioassay measured plant response to the herbicide, hence only amounts in the solution are detected whereas with gas liquid chromatography absorbed herbicide molecules could be extracted and quantitatively measured.

Higher rates of application consequently gave greater and more prolonged residual phytotoxicity and higher residues in all sampling periods than the recommended rate. Applying four times over the normal dose gave reductions of 62% in sorghum growth and 60% in dry matter yield three months after treatment. At twice, the recommended rate was used. Pendimethaline was again more persistent than dinitramine although both were almost undetected at three months at the lowest rate of application.

Loss of dinitramine and pendimethaline under low soil water levels was very slow. Marked residual phytotoxicities were still apparent at 110 days with 4-day interval watering.

Candid, Mariet B. 2001. Growth and Survival of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) Cuttings as Affected by Number of Nodes and Position of Planting. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Cuttings of black pepper are commonly prepared and recommended because they ensure uniformity of the stand and assure early bearing.

This study was conducted to determine which of the number of nodes and position of planting black pepper cuttings would produce more sprouts, tallest sprout, average number of adventitious roots, and highest survival, and to determine the interaction effect of the number of nodes of black pepper cuttings planted and position of planting.

One hundred eighty (180) cuttings were taken from healthy and vigorous mother plants. One hundred eighty polyethylene bags (6x8 cm), pruning shears, foot ruler, and record book were used. The study was laid out following the 3 x 2 Factorial in CRD. The different treatments used were: Factor A (Number of Nodes) N₁ - 1 node, N₂ - 2 nodes, N₃ - 3 nodes and Factor B (Position of Planting) P₁ - vertical and P₂ - slanting. The data gathered were number of days to first sprout emergence, total number of sprout per treatment, average length (cm) of sprout, average number of adventitious roots, and percentage survival (%).

Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences in the number of nodes, number of days to first sprout emergence, average number of adventitious roots and percentage survival among treatments. Position of planting significantly affect the number of days to first sprout emergence, average length of sprouts, average number of adventitious roots and percentage survival.

The number of nodes and position had no significant interaction effect on the number of days to first sprout emergence, total number of sprout and average length of sprout.

Based on the results of the study, planting of black pepper cuttings with three nodes in either slanting or vertical position is recommended for better growth and survival.

Estalilia, Maricris M. 1996. Performance Test of Promising Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Lines/Varieties Under La Union Conditions. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

A study on the performance of 8 mungbean entries was conducted to identify location-specific and high yielding lines/varieties, resistant to pests and diseases with acceptable color, seed size and eating quality under La Union condition, during the dry season. It was conducted at the DMMMSU – Agricultural Technology Center Farm, North La Union Campus, Bacnotan, La Union from November 28, 1995 to February 4, 1996.

The eight mungbean lines/varieties with three check varieties arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated four times were as follows: V₁ – EGM – 3995, V₂ – EGM 4477, V₃ – EGM4488, V₄ – IPBM 84 – 56 – 11, V₅ – IPBM 85 – 35 – 04, V₆ – IPBM 85 – 35 – 18, V₇ – IPBM 85 – 45 – 04, V₈ – IPBM 85 – 45 – 18, V₉ – BPI – MG – 9 (NC), V₁₀ – MG –50 – 10A (LC), V₁₁ – PSB –MG1 (RC).

Considering the overall performance of the 8 mungbean entries, IPBM 84 – 56- 11 (471.25 g/plot or 1885 k/ha) and IPBM 85 – 35 – 18 (511 g/plot or 2044 kg/ha) produced higher yield than the local check variety (270.25 g/plot or 1081 kg/ha). Other entries such as EGM – 3995, IPBM 85 – 35 – 04, – IPBM 85 – 45 – 04, IPBM 85 – 45 – 18 with yield range from (330.25 g/plot or 1330 kg/plot – 433.25 g/plot or 1821 kg/ha) were comparable with each other and similar to the check varieties. Likewise, these mungbean entries were highly resistant to diseases such as: powdery mildew, cercospora leaf spot, rust and mosaic. They were also of non-pod shattering characteristics; lodging resistant, with acceptable color (green to light green), small to big size and mashy appearance (mashy) after cooking.

There were no marked differences noted on percent survival, number of cluster per plant, length of pods, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant.

Gacilos, Alma Ruth G. 1996. Performance Test of Promising Lines/Varieties of Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) Under La Union Conditions. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

A study on the performance test of seven varieties of peanut such as EGPn 14 – 2, EGPn 12 – 47, IPBPn 87 – 26 – 4, IPBPn 88 – 21 – 24, MMPn 86 – 27 and Tai Acc 14 – 2 and three check varieties, UPLPn 12 (NC), UPLPn 10 (RC) and UPLPn 4 (LC) were tested to determine their yield potential and agronomic characteristics and to evaluate their acceptability under La Union condition during the dry season. It employed the Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three (3) times. It was conducted at the Agricultural Technology Center Farm, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Bacnotan, La Union from December 11, 1995 to March 28, 1996.

With a total dried bean yield ranging from 490 g/plot or 1225.00 kg/ha to 1210.00 g/plot or 3025.00 kg/ha, MMPn 86 – 27 produced higher yield than the local (UPLPn 4) check variety (1150.00 g/plot or 2875.00 kg/ha). Other line/varieties such as IPBPn 87 – 26 – 4 (983.33 g/plot or 2458.00 kg/ha) and EGPn 12 – 47 (890.00 g/plot or 2225.00 kg/ha) were comparable with each other and similar to national check variety. Likewise, these peanut lines/varieties entries were of high shelling percentage. The seeds ranged from medium to large and normal shape with acceptable color (pinkish). However, all other varieties had similar yield potential with the check varieties in terms of dried shelled bean yield in g/plant (5.92 – 9.760).

Goze, Raul P. 1996. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Setaria Under Marginal Land of DMMMSU. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted from January 1995 to June 1995 at the Forage Project of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Northern La Union Campus, Bacnotan, La Union to determine the effect of varieties on the growth and yield of setaria and to determine the effects of different levels of nitrogen on the growth and yield of pasture grasses (setaria).

Two Factorial RCBD with three replications were used. The different treatments used were: Factor A: Factor B: V₁ – Setaria splendida, L₀ – Control, V₂ – Setaria nandi, L₁ – 106.67 kg/ha, L₂ – 150.00 kg/ha and L₃ – 200.00 kg/ha

The results revealed that Setaria splendida 60 (DAP), 105 DAP and 150 DAP was significantly taller than Setaria nandi. The same trend was obtained in herbage yield and dried weight. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant results.

On the number of tillers per square meter, Setaria nandi produced the most number of tillers than Setaria splendida. Analysis of variance revealed significant result.

Plants fertilized with 150 kg/ha 60 DAP and 105 DAP were the tallest and those with zero fertilization were the shortest. Setaria plants fertilized with 150 kg/ha 60 DAP and 150 DAP produced the heaviest and 150 DAP plants fertilized with 200 kg/ha produced the heaviest while zero fertilization had the lightest. In terms of dried weight 60 DAP and 105 DAP, plant fertilized with 150 kg/ha produced the heaviest dried weight while no fertilization had the least. One hundred fifty (150) DAP plants fertilized with 200 kg/ha produced the highest dried weight and no fertilization contributed the lowest.

In terms of number of tillers, plants fertilized with 106.67 kg/ha produced the most number of tillers at 105 DAP and 150 DAP while 60 DAP plants fertilized with 150 kg/ha produced the most number of tillers per square meter. Zero fertilization contributed to the least number of tillers per square meter.

Gumangan, Joseph. 2000. Cultural Management Strategies and Postharvest Handling Practices of Orchid Growers in La Union. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

One of the most profitable hobbies nowadays is home gardening that seemingly include orchid growing. Management strategies, culture and postharvest handling of orchids should be improved to produce a better quality crop.

This study aimed to determine the demographic profile, management, harvesting and postharvest handling strategies, problems encountered in the cultural management and postharvest handling of orchids, and the economic return of orchid growing in La Union.

There were eight respondents taken from different municipalities of La Union. They were personally interviewed with a prepared questionnaire. The data collected were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results showed that orchid growers were dominated by women, mostly married and attended college. Orchid growers differed in some of their cultural management strategies and in harvesting and postharvest strategies. Attack of pest and diseases was the most common problem encountered in the cultural management and harvesting of orchids. Orchid growing was found to be a profitable industry as it was a good source of additional income.

Hoque, A.M.G.1988. Growth Yield and Seed Quality of Two Snapbeans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Varieties as Affected by Irrigation Frequency and Fertilizer Materials. PhD Dissertation, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Present production practices of snap beans frequently lead to the inefficient water use by dry season crops. In many instances, irrigation water is applied without sufficient regard to proper timing and amount of application. There are times when water is applied too late or inadequate. In some cases, water is applied when there is still enough residual moisture in the soil, i.e., the amount applied is beyond the water holding capacity of the soil.

The performance of two snap bean varieties, Alno and Burik, under varying frequencies of irrigation and combination of different fertilizer materials was determined.

Among the irrigation treatments, weekly irrigation effected higher plant height, higher leaf area index, longer pods, higher moisture content of green pods during second harvest, higher number of bigger seeds, heavier weight of 1000 seeds, higher number of dry pods/plot, higher seed yield, better quality of green pods, higher rate of germination from the harvested seeds and more vigorous seedlings from harvested seeds. With weekly irrigation or irrigation at pre-emergence, seedling, flowering and pod development stages significantly higher number of plant stand at harvest, higher percent of normal seedlings, higher number of green pods/plant and higher weight of green pod/plant were observed.

The fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect the green pod yield. However, application of inorganic fertilizer (50-120-50kg N-P₂O₅-K₂O/ha) plus chicken manure at 1ton/ha and supplemental Nutraphos Super K at 3 or 5kg/ha significantly increased plant height and leaf area index, improved visual quality of pods, increased the percentage of normal seedlings and increased the dry seed yield per plot.

Although no significant differences were observed on the two varieties on some growth characteristics, green pod yield and dry seed yield, “burik” had significantly better plant stand, larger seed size, heavier weight of 1000 seeds, and higher germination percentage of test

seeds after harvest.

The best treatment combination for enhancing the highest green pod yield and net benefit cost ratio is with “alno” irrigated at pre-emergence, seedlings, flowering and pod development stages with the application of inorganic fertilizer, chicken manure at 1ton/ha and 5kg/ha Nutraphos Super K.

Higher seed yield and higher profit in seed production were effected by weekly irrigation and application of inorganic fertilizer, chicken manure at 1tons/ha and Nutraphos Super K at 5kg/ha for “alno” and 3kg/ha for “burik”.

Khayad, T.A. and J.C. Perez. 1996. Survey Control of Powdery Scab (Spongospora subterenea) in Potato Growing Areas of the Cordillera. Compilation of Research Abstracts, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Potato fields in Benguet and Mt. Province, 52.24 has and 49.00 has, respectively, were surveyed in 1991-1993. Benguet had high percentage infection particularly in Calagan, Bugias, Paoay and Englandad in Atok with mean infection raring of powdery scab on tuber surface. Most affected were areas with elevations of 1900-2330 msl. Results further showed that after 4 croppings, powdery scab pustules covering tuber surface was highest on potato planted continuously infected at 90-95 percent; potatoes planted after at 3-5 percent; and potato after non-host crops at 6-10 percent. Further, soil treatment with fungicide significantly control powdery scab compared with tuber dipping and dusting. Among the 30 cultivars/clones tested under field conditions, BW-5 showed highly significant resistance to powdery scab. Clone Yungay, Huaycha, Pacena, Poos-590 and G-5 were resistant under field conditions. Among the different cropping schemes tested, highest return of investment amounting to P168, 340 was obtained in potato planted after 9 months. Monocropping gave negative income of at least P86, 000.

Lizardo, Jacqueline M. 1996. Efficacy of Some Botanical Plants on the Control of Mungbean Weevil (Callosubrochus chinensis Linn). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted at the Crop Protection Laboratory room, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union from November 1 to December 31, 1995 to determine the best botanical plants as substitute to Sevin insecticide on the control of mungbean weevils at 2 months seed storage.

The study was set up by the use of CRD with three replications. The treatments used were: T₀ – no application (control) (T₁) – Sevin 85 sp (control 2), (T₂) – kakawate leaves, (T₃) – lagundi leaves, (T₄) – marigold leaves,

(T₅) – neem tree leaves, and (T₆) – tobacco leaves. Air-dried botanical plants were applied at 25 grams/500 grams of mungbean seeds placed in big Nescafe glass jars. Sevin was applied at the rate of 1.0 tablespoon/500 grams of mungbean seeds.

Based on the findings of the study, tobacco leaves was the most effective botanical plant to control mungbean weevil at 2 months storage; hence, it could substitute the use of wettable powder insecticide.

Maddul, S. B. 1991. Production Management and Characteristics of Native Pigs in Cordillera. Compilation of Research Abstracts, UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines

Most pig stocks, consisting mainly of breeding females, were acquired from within the village. Pigs were commonly fed twice daily with boiled sweet potatoes and farm by-products made from local materials. Gilts were usually bred at about one-year old on the first day of estrus by a communal boar at no charge. Sows were allowed to farrow four to five times in their lifetime age, weaning was usually at three to four months, while castration was done between three months and one year-old by elders using bamboo instrument. Health care was minimal, preferring to slaughter a sick pig for home consumption or use of ethno veterinary medicine. Most pigs were marketed live on per head basis. Unavailability of boars at breeding time, low nutritional level, poor standards of management, and lack of support services were perceived problems of respondents. Native pigs were small with straight to low-set back and short legs. They were predominantly black in color, had long snout and small, erect ears. They were alert and nervous in temperament. Mean body measurements for mature pig of both sexes were as follows: 77.52+-9.90 cm; heart girth, 70.15 +- 12.74 cm; and height, 46.52 +- 4.80 cm. body weight was most correlated with heart girth. Simple and multiple linear regressions predicted the most accurate estimates of body weight but simple linear regressions may be preferred in terms of practicality. Native pigs were sexually mature at a mean age of 5.79 months. Average estrus cycle was 19.66 days while estrus lasted for about four days. Mean gestation period was 112.94 days. Litter size at birth average 5.22; mean litter size at weaning was 4.62. Largely influenced by superstition, native pig raising played a vital role on the lives of Cordillerans.

Rodriguez, Jeremias C. 1993. Sweet Potato Production on Lahar Silted Field Applied with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers. PhD Dissertation, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Some agricultural crops with the same spp. could also secrete substances which will be detrimental to other plants. Allelophatic compounds are known to inhibit seed germination or produce growth by inhibiting cell division, reducing mineral uptake, increasing or decreasing respiration, and inhibiting protein and hemoglobin synthesis.

The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo has brought severe losses to agricultural crops in Central Luzon particularly the provinces of Tarlac, Pampanga, Zambales and Bataan. Immediate restoration of productivity of the silted farmlands in order to minimize or avert the deleterious effect of the eruption on the country’s agricultural economy is therefore needed. Application of organic fertilizer in combination with inorganic fertilizers may help restore the productivity of these soils.

An experiment was conducted on lahar-silted field in Paniqui, Tarlac from October 1992 to February 1993 to determine the growth and yield, other agronomic characters of sweet potato, the effects of different methods of inorganic fertilizer application and compare the economics of applying organic and inorganic fertilizers. Soil analysis of lahar soil pH of 6.5 is within the optimum size.

Results showed that CFA-compost application did not influence sweet potato. However, the soil pH of 6.5 is within the optimum range. Results showed that CFA-compost application did not influence sweet potato plant survival, root-shoot ratio, total number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots/plant, length of marketable roots, sugar and starch content of roots.

It did improve, however, canopy cover at 25, 50, 75 and 100DAP, leaf area index, crop growth rate, herbage yield, total root yield per plant, average diameter of marketable roots and marketable root yield per plant, per plot and computed yield per hectare.

Except on percentage survival, application of inorganic fertilizer markedly improved all sweet potato growth and yield parameters grown in lahar-silted field.

Sweet potato grown in lahar-silted field appeared to respond better to inorganic fertilizer when applied basally or in split dosage than when side dressed alone. Starch content of roots was also increased by inorganic fertilizer application.

The rate of 10 tons/ha CFA-compost plus 30kg NPK/ha applied in split dosage effected the highest marketable yield which appeared to be appropriate for sweet potatoes grown in lahar/silted field.

Application of 10 t/ha CFA-compost plus 30kg NPK/ha in split dosage is economically advantageous for sweet potato grown in lahar-silted field.

Roxas, J.P. et al. 1996. Improved Cold Tolerant Rice Varieties for the Cordillera. Compilation of Research Abstracts, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Farmers in the Cordillera (Philippines) grow two distinct types of traditional rice varieties known as Tinawons and Piniduas that mature about eight months after sowing. Seedlings suffer from cold stress and yields are low due to adverse climatic conditions during ripening. Beginning 1991, cold tolerant and early duration elite breeding lines were evaluated in selected areas in the region through National Cooperative Testing (NCT) of the Rice Varietal Improvement Group (RVIG) under the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC). Two lines were found promising and approved for release by NSIC in 1995. They are IR59469-B-B-3-2 named Gohang (PSBRc 44) and IR25976-12-2-2-2-1 named Sumadel (PSBRc 46). Without chemical and fertilizer inputs, Gohang and Sumadel have yield advantage of 25 percent and 60 percent respectively, over local varieties. Gohang is suited to dry season cultivation in some areas of Ifugao and Benguet. Sumadel performs well during wet season in Benguet, Kalinga and Apayao.

FORESTRY

SILVICULTURE

Agpaoa, A. C. Effect of Different Plant Litter Leachates on the Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Seedlings. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Decomposing mulching materials/litters of alnus, Benguet pine, cogon, sunflower and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were used to assess their detrimental or contagious effect on the growth and survival of potted Benguet pine and Eucalyptus seedlings.

Survival of potted Eucalyptus and Benguet pine seedlings was not significantly affected by the different litter leachates for a period of 100 days.

However, leachates from the different mulching materials have retarding effect on the diameter growth of potted Eucalyptus seedlings. Likewise, the leachates may have contributed to the retardation of growth of Eucalyptus due to the presence of the toxic substances present in the leachates.

It was observed that the different leachates did not significantly affect the growth of Benguet pine seedlings in 100 days.

Calonge, Rosalina. 1985. Response of Outplanted Bitaog (Callophyllum inophyllum) Seedlings to Different Strains of Azolla pinnata. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Azolla as a fertilizer improves the physiochemical as well as the biological nature of the soil. The organic matter content of the soil will be increased and consequently, the nitrogen economy of the soil is improved. It has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen which it does with the help of the strain of the blue greenish algae, Anabaena azalea, which is associated only with it and lines symbiotically.

The study was conducted to determine the effect of azolla on the growth of bitaog. The Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the layout with the following treatments: T₀ – control (no azolla), T₁ – 22.5 gm

of Azolla pinnata (Java), T₂ – 22.5 gm of Azolla pinnata (Bangkok), T₃ – 22.5 gm of Azolla pinnata (Australia), and T4- combination of three strains of Azolla pinnata.

Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among treatments on the average initial height and diameter of seedlings, height and diameter of seedlings after azolla application.

All the plots which were applied with the combination of the three strains of azolla produced the tallest and largest diameter. This result proved that combination of three strains of Azolla pinnata promoted height as well as lateral growth of Bitaog seedlings.

Calonge, Wilma R. 1983. Effect of Different Diameter Classes on the Survival Percentage of Large Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Rosario, La Union, Philippines

Reproduction of seeds is possibly the most conventional practice in propagating plants. Silviculturists claimed that propagation by cuttings is much preferred to obtain the desirable characteristics of important trees.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different diameter classes on the survival of mahogany cuttings. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatments. The treatments used were: T₁- 2.6 to 3.0, T₂- 3.1 to 3.5cm, T₃- 3.6 to 4.0 cm and T₄- 4.1 to 4.5 cm.

Results of the study revealed significant differences among treatment means on the average length of shoots produced 90 days after planting.

However, no significant differences existed on the average number of days from planting to shoots emergence, and average length of shoots, and percentage survival of cuttings 90 days after planting.

All the different diameter classes used in the study are recommended.

Cariaso, Jovelyn M. 2003. Early Growth and Survival of Ipil (Intsia bijuga Colebr O. Ktze.) Wildlings as Affected by Potting Containers and Soil Media. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The importance of wildlings in reforestation and plantation establishment is sometimes overlooked by seedling producers, tree improvers and forestry nursery operators. Wildlings are seedlings growing naturally under the forest canopy of the wilderness. In the absence of nursery-raised planting stocks, wildlings could be used as a planting material provided that they are properly taken care of and managed scientifically.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of potting containers and soil media on the growth and survival of Ipil wildlings.

Two hundred sixteen Ipil wildlings were used in the study and were laid out using 3 x 4 Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design with 12 treatment combinations replicated three times. The following were the different treatments used: Factor A (Potting Containers) C₁ – polyethylene bags, C₂ – bamboo tubes, and C₃ – tin cans; and Factor B (Soil Media) S₁ – forest soil, S₂ – garden soil, S₃ – forest soil + river sand, and S₄ – garden soil + river sand.

The study revealed that there was a highly significant effect of potting containers on the average height of 30, 60, and 90 Days After Transplanting (DAT), average diameter at 90 DAT and average height increment at 30 DAT. Furthermore, a significant effect of potting containers on the diameter increment at 60 DAT was also observed. Results revealed that there was no significant effect of soil media on all the parameters. However, Ipil wildlings planted in bamboo tubes with a soil media of forest soil, those planted in mixed garden soil, and river sand obtained a 100% survival. Highly significant result was observed on the effect of the interaction between potting containers and soil media specifically on the average diameter of Ipil seedlings 30 days after transplanting. However, significant result was observed on the diameter increment of Ipil seedlings at 60 DAT.

Based on the results of the study, potting containers significantly affected the diameter increment of Ipil wildlings 60 DAT and the height increment 30 DAT. Soil media had no significant effect on all parameters.

Castillo, Evangeline T. 1981. The Effects of Some Transpiration-Reducing Compounds on the Water Relations, Growth and Survival of Kaatoan bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis, Lamk. Rich. Ex. Walp) and Yemane (Gmelina arborea, Roxb.) Seedlings. MSc Thesis, UPLB College of Forestry, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

One of the dominant factors which account for the mortality of outplanted seedlings is transpiration. Outplanted seedlings experience “shock effect” brought about by continued and excessive transpiration while absorption by the root lagged behind.

The water relation responses of Kaatoan bangkal and Yemane seedlings over a period of 72 hours were studied under two varying conditions effecting plant stress, first is normal atmospheric stress and second, the combined effects of atmospheric stress and second, the combined effects of

atmospheric and root stress. The possibility of alleviating plant water stress under these conditions was further explored by observing the water relations, growth and survival of kaatoan bangkal and yemane under three types of anti-transpirants: abscisic acid, phenylmercuric acetate and silicone under 10-4M, 10-5 M and 10-6 M concentrations.

Under conditions of unlimited water supply but high atmospheric stress, Kaatoan bangkal and yemane initially transpired at their evapo-transpiration potential rate. Transpiration rate eventually declined significantly through time

as a result of the decrease in stomatal aperture and the physical effects on evaporation by the constant irradiance applied. A corresponding low internal diffusion resistance prevented leaf temperature increase. Prolonged atmospheric stress caused stomatal aperture and transpiration reductions which resulted to wilting of leaves by the 72^nd hour. Water balance was, however, maintained.

Water stress increased leaf water deficits in the order of -2,-4,-6 bars, respectively. Stomatal aperture and transpiration reduction may have increased the plant’s abscisic acid levels reducing significantly photosynthesis, harmfully affecting the plant’s water balance. Both species experienced leaf abscission, its occurrence noted in -2 bars at 72^nd hour, -4 bars at 24^th hour and -6 bars at the 4^th hour.

Antitranspirant applications to water stressed kaatoan bangkal rendered short-term improvements in leaf water content by delaying leaf abscission. Among the antitranspirants, PMA 10-4 M was highest in effecting transpiration reductions in kaatoan bangkal.

The addition of ABA leaf sprays caused disruptions in endogenous levels of plant. hormone within the plants, PMA directly inhibited photosynthesis through CO₂ uptake disruption while silicone coating reduced CO₂ permeability to the stomata.

Water relations of yemane are insignificantly affected by the antitranspirant type and levels but significantly affected by water stress applied and time. At this point, the use of ABA, PMA and silicone antitranspirants to yemane and kaatoan bangkal is not advisable due to their detrimental effects on photosynthesis, leaf temperature and plant water balance.

Costales, A.B. and E.F. Costales Jr. 1990. Floral Biology of Petroleum Nut (Pittosporum resineferum Hemsl) Trees. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Slight variations in the dates of floral initiation, peak of flower flushed, duration of floral development and sizes of petroleum nut flowers in terms of length and width of flower buds were observed in different experimental sites.

Flowering started during the months of January until April or early days of May. Pollen dehiscence occurred 2 to 3 days after flower flushed and petals shed off 4 to 6 days after flower openings. Variation also existed in terms of fruit initiation and dates of fruit maturation or ripening.

However, no significant variations in size of fruits were detected in all exposures in all study sites. Fruits in all study sites were fully ripened during the months of November and December.

Correlation analysis of the floral and fruit development versus temperature revealed a relatively high correlation valued between floral development and temperature. The values ranged from 0.56 to 0.66 (length) and 0.52 to 0.63 (width).

Costales, A. B. and F. M. Allan. 1989. Effect of Biozome (S-200) Soil Conditioner and the Growth and Development of Four Reforestation Species in Benguet. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Biozome is an organic fertilizer that tends to stabilize and ameliorates the physical and chemical properties of problem soil.

Biozome (S-200) soil conditioner and urea fertilizer were tried on four reforestation species to determine their effects on the growth and survival of seedlings.

The soil conditioner had no significant effect on the survival and root/shoot ratio of Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya), Alnus (Alnus maritime), Bottle brush (Callistemon citrinus) and Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta). However, there was a significant increase in

the height growth of Alnus when treated with 50 g urea dissolved in 10 liters water applied 3 times at every month interval, and when applied 1 gm biozome mixed with 50 gm urea dissolved in water, also applied 3 months at every month interval. Bagras seedlings also responded significantly in terms of height growth fertilized with a mixture of 1 gm Biozome + 50 gm urea, and 50 gm pure urea. Benguet pine seedlings did not respond favorably while bottle brush seedlings which were either fertilized or not fertilized did not show any significant variations on the growth. Seedlings treated with pure Biozome at 25 gm rate significantly caused a difference in height growth with other fertilized bottle brush seedlings under the present fertility status of the soil in the nursery.

Dacanay, A.A., E. F. Costales, Jr. and H. S. Bato. 1994. Occurrence of Pests and Diseases After Forest Fire in Benguet Pine Stands. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Two observation sites were established for monitoring and observation on the occurrence of pests and diseases after forest fire. Result showed that Benguet pine stands razed by ground fire at Camp John Hay were not infested with Ips calligraphus. Three species of insects were collected such as tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Liperidae) bagworm, (Lepidoptera: Physchidae) and shoot moth (Dioryctria rubella.) However, no population outbreak was observed from the occurrence of fire.

In Liang, Itogon, Benguet, 9 out of the 27 trees monitored were infested by Ips calligraphus; 44% of trees under 31-60 cm diameter class; 33% of the 10-20 cm diameter class, and 22% of 21-30 cm diameter class. Most of the infested and dead trees have a crown scorched of 81-100%. Further observation showed that Benguet pine trees with larger diameter were more susceptible to insect attack than the smaller diameter.

Dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. 1984. Phenology of Selected Industrial Forest Plantation Species. C, UPLB-PCARRD, Laguna, Philippines

Diameter growth of selected fast-growing tree species (Kaatoan bangkal, Yemane, moluccan sau, red gum, bagras, gubas and ipil-ipil) as affected by climatic factors (rainfall, evaporation, relative humidity, radiation, sunshine duration and air temperature) in three sites (Laguna, Nueva Viscaya and Abra) were studied.

Phenological phenomena (flower bud formation, flowering, fruiting, formation of matured fruits, seed dispersal, shedding of leaves, flushing and bark shedding) for each species as they relate to climatic conditions were also observed. Lastly, annual magnitude and cycle of growth for each species were studied.

Results, interpretation and implications of observations are presented. Whenever possible; results of this study are presented in terms of their application to management of these species in tree plantation.

Dosono, Saturnino D. 1983. Response of Kupang (Parkia roxborghii G. Don) Seedling as Affected by Different Leguminous Root Nodules. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The application of leguminous root nodules to the soil media will increase the nitrogen content of the soil needed for the growth and development of legume plants and improving fertility. It is advisable to apply root nodules to the seed before planting in areas where kupang had not been grown previously.

The study aimed to find out the effect of different leguminous root nodules to kupang seedlings. The different root nodules that were grouped according to treatments were: T₁- ipil-ipil, T₂ – winged-bean, T₃ – peanut, and T₄- colopognium.

The data were tabulated and analyzed following the ANOVA of the Randomized Complete Block Design. Comparison among treatment means was done using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

Results revealed no significant differences among treatment means on the following: average height of the seedlings 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing, average height increment of the seedlings from 30 to 60 days and from 60 to 90 days after sowing and percentage survival of seedlings 90 days after sowing.

The number of nodules per plant at 90 days after sowing indicated highly significant differences among treatment means. Winged bean root nodules gained the best growth performance among the treatments.

It is concluded that the different root nodules did not affect the germination as well as growth of Kupang. However, the average number of nodules per plant 90 days after sowing revealed significant differences among treatments. Root nodules promoted nodulation of Kupang seedlings.

Ducusin, Beinvenido P. Jr. 2002. Morphological Study on the Nodulation of Some Leguminous Forest Tree Species in DMMMSU-NLUC Forest Reservation. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

A nodulated legume supplements the use of expensive nitrogen fertilizers which would initial large quantities when applied solely in forest plantation.

The main objective of the study was to determine the nodulation among the leguminous forest trees at DMMMSU forest reservation.

Degree of nodulation, nodule attachment within the root system, nodule shape and color, nodule size, nodule texture and nodule number were observed and gathered on the 6 species collected. The species belong to family Mimosaceae, Fabaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. The procedures used were adapted from the Nitrogen Fixation and Tropical Legume and the Microbiological Resource Center. No-parametric statistics was used in the presentation and analysis of data.

Results revealed that Japanese acacia and rain tree registered the highest percent of nodulation while calliandra species was the lowest. Japanese acacia, rain tree and prickly narra were moderately nodulated while those species with sparse nodulation were giant Ipil-ipil, calliandra and kakawate, Rain tree had the highest average number of nodules. Astrogaloid was observed on giant Ipil-ipil, Japanese acacia, raintree and calliandra. Prickly narra was characterized as desmodiod while kakawate was observed as mucunoid. Color of nodules examined under the three families was brown. Giant Ipil-ipil and prickly narra have rough texture, Japanese acacia, calliandra and kakawate were rough and warty and the raintree had the texture of rough and warty with streaks. Rain tree had the biggest size of nodules and the highest average number of nodules.

Based on the results, only the species belonging to Mimosaceae and Fabaceae were found to be nodulated while species under Caesalpiniaceae did not have any nodule at all.

Guillen, Anita S. 1982. Effect of Thinning on Some Wood Quality Indicators of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) Wood. Compilation of Research Abstracts, UPLB College of Forestry, Laguna, Philippines

The effects of different degrees of thinning on some wood quality indicators (namely, specific gravity, fiber length, ring width and latewood percentage) of Benguet pine (Pine kesiya Royle ex Gordon) wood were evaluated.

The core samples for this study were collected from a 30-year old, second-growth Benguet pine stand inside the Timber Project of Benguet Consolidated, Inc. in Bobok, Bokod, Benguet, which was subjected to different intensities of thinning, namely: (a) heavy thinning (or 70% removal of the basal area), (b) moderate thinning (or 50% removal of the basal area), (c) light thinning ( or 30% removal of the basal area); and control (or no thinning).

Fifteen (15) trees were sampled for the different levels of thinning and two core samples were extracted from each for wood quality evaluation. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance in a Completely Randomized Design, with age of the sample tree as the covariate.

Results of this study showed that thinning improved the specific gravity, ring width measurements and latewood percentage of the wood examined but the effect on the fiber length was insignificant. The effects of a silvicultural treatment (like thinning) should be evaluated within the first three to five years after the application of the treatment.

Langbis, John T. 1997. Analysis of Fire Occurrence Over the Last Five Years in Reforestation Projects of the DENR-CAR, CY 1991-1995. MSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Fire per se is one of the deadly serious enemies of our forest plantations. In the forestry context, fire is being used to eliminate undesirable plant species, and new forage in pasture areas. However, these innumerable and indispensable uses of fire are equivalent to its destructive rules in human life.

The study aimed to know the extent and frequency of fire occurrences and fire management program in the reforestation projects of the DENR-CAR Region.

Largest reforestation area burned was found in CENRO Tabuk with 1,000.5 hectares or 21.55% of the total area burned in CAR. Areas burned in other CENROs range from 31.2 to 955 hectares or .67% to 20.525%. The smallest areas burned were found in Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) Buguias. CENRO Luna had no record of fire occurrence. In terms of frequency of fire occurrence, CENRO Baguio had the highest with 36 or 22.93% of the total fire incidence in CAR, followed in descending frequency by the other CENROs ranging from 23 to three or 14.65% to 1.91%. CENRO Pinukpuk had the least fire incidence.

Extent of areas burned in the lowland was wider per fire incidence while burned areas under PENRO Benguet and CENRO Sabangan appeared smaller or are in patches. Fire season generally occurred form March to May. However, in PENROs Benguet and Abra and CENRO Sabanagan fire season started in January. In other CENROs, burning lasted up to July.

Reforestation burning is mostly caused by carelessness, unknown causes and incendiarism. Started only in 1993 to 1995, fire management program/strategies stated in the Regional Master Plan for Forestry Development have not institutionalized or incorporated for implementation. Budget allocations are meant for maintenance and operating expenses only and no funds were allotted for hiring and training/organizing of new forest fighting/suppression crews.

Recommendations included intensifying of fire management activities, providing manpower and financial support, increasing costs for plantation maintenance and protection, strictly enforcing of forest laws, involving every segment of the society specially the local government units and the community selecting appropriate site for reforestation areas, species to be planted and silvicultural treatments to be adopted and intensification of IEC particularly in fire prevention.

Leones, Meiji M. 1995. Correlation Analysis on the Factors that Affect the Yield of Calamansi Trees (Citrus madurensis). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The effects of variables associated to the fruiting potential of calamansi trees have not yet been evaluated. These may include “indigenous” factors such as basal diameter, crown diameter, stem diameter and tree height and “exogenous” factors like soil pH.

The study aimed to determine the relationship of different factors affecting the yield of calamansi. Values of six variables including the yield of trees, tree crown diameter, stem diameter, branch diameter, tree height and soil pH were measured from 500 calamansi trees and were subjected to correlation analysis.

Results showed that tree crown diameter was positively associated to stem diameter with correlation coefficient of 0.8549. Trees with bigger stem diameter had bigger crown diameter. On the other hand, tree crown diameter was inversely related to the branch diameter of the correlation coefficient being 0.28823. Trees with bigger crown diameter had smaller branch diameter.

With regards to stem diameter and soil pH, their association was positively at 0.33396. Calamansi trees with bigger stem diameter had higher soil pH in the soil around their base. Result of the study revealed that none of the different variables affects the yield of the calamansi trees.

Malatag, Alfredo G. & Antonio U. Castillo. 1981. A Test on the Suitability of Selected Fast Growing Tree Species on Degraded Sites. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Fast growing tree species such as ipil-ipil, yemane, Mollucan sau and bagras are very capable for faster reforestation establishment and thicker vegetative cover for degraded land areas.

The different treatments used were as follows: T_a- mollucan sau (Albizia falcataria), T_b- Giant ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), T_c – Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta), and T_d – Yemane (Gmelina arborea).

Results revealed that treatment B (giant ipil-ipil) obtained the highest growth increment with a mean of 88.05cm and the lowest was obtained by treatment D – (yemane) with a mean of 29.83cm. Analysis of variance showed highly significant results among treatments.

The percentage survival of the outplanted seedlings was found to be 100 percent and giant ipil-ipil is highly recommended for reforestation species on degraded areas.

Munio, Rodelia C. 2002. Lateral Root Development and Seedling Performance of Prickly Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus, Rolfe). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Seedling performance in the field depends on its growth potential coupled with the degree to which conditions on its planting area for growth potential to be adopted. The association to which planting stocks are conditioned to the environment in the field will have the final influences on their performance after planting.

A study was conducted to look into lateral root development as an expression of seedling quality of prickly narra. A phenotypically superior mother tree was selected from three breeding populations of the species in DMMMSU-NLUC forest reserve. Seed collected from each individual tree were bulked to constitute three open-pollinated families.

The study was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Frequency distribution of lateral roots was also determined based on all seedling counts wherein five root classes based on the natural groupings were formed. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the treatments and were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, Seedling quality indices were also determined.

Results indicate that lateral root morphology may define superiority of the root system for the production of quality root seedlings of prickly narra. The significant association of the number of lateral roots with other seedling morphological attributes and the positive relationship obtained on the lateral root classes and the said traits make sound biological bases for assessing seedling quality of the species.

Ngales, L.P. and A.V.B. Lopez.1980. Hydrologic Response of Benguet Pine Forest with Different Stocking Levels. Compilation of Research Abstracts, PMSD, ERDB, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

A second growth Benguet pine stand in Bobok, Bokod, Benguet was thinned to different stocking levels to find out their effects on surface runoff and sediment yield. The study showed that regardless of stocking levels and as long as there is a continuous canopy cover provided by the understorey vegetation and litterfall, stocking levels did not significantly affect surface runoff and sedimentation.

The average annual surface runoff over a five-year period ranged from 7.03 mm to 9.83 mm per hectare in a stand with stocking levels from 0 to 2,500 trees per hectare. The magnitude of sediment loss was negligible, amounting only to 0.0722 ton to 0.1489 ton per hectare per year.

The study indicated that the present system of harvesting the Benguet pine forest through the seed tree method where 18 to 20 trees per hectare are left can have a sound ecological basis in terms of surface runoff and sediment yield as long as there is always a complete canopy and understorey vegetative cover to protect the soil from being eroded.

Orallo, C.A. 1982. Vegetational Changes in Natural Benguet Pine Forest After Seed Tree Method of Logging. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDB-DENR, Laguna, Philippines

Observation on the sequence of plant communities and species convergence occurring in a Benguet pine logged-over was conducted.

Based on the five-year vegetation data, it was noted that no distinct changes as to type of species occurred within the areas but changes was more in terms of cover value dominance. Five year s after logging, the area was dominated by grass vegetation, notably Imperata cylindrica, the most dominant, followed by Themeda triandra and Themeda caudate. Under the herb species found in competition, in the dominance ranking, were Ageratina adenophora and Elephanthopus mollis, recorded 4^th and 5^th, respectively. Benguet pine, on the other hand, as the dominant vegetation prior to logging registered only about 0.46 percent out of the total cover.

In terms of composition, very few species were observed to grow and reoccur through time but their duration of convergence and identification was not determined. Some shrub vegetations such as Melostroma species, wild strawberry were found regularly in lower slopes.

Palaypayon, William R. and A. Bravo. 1984. Underground Root-Pruning of Some Reforestation Species. Compilation of Research Abstracts, FORI, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

Reforestation species were studied to determine the effects of hardening period, pruning and age of seedlings at pruning time on root-shoot ratio, percent survival, height and diameter increment.

Results showed that hardening period, pruning and age of seeding significantly increased root-shoot ratio of Benguet pine but not alnus and bagras. Effects of these variables

on percent survival of Benguet pine seemed to be observed by very poor survival due to moisture stress. Field survival of alnus was also very poor, while bagras registered a complete failure probably due to moisture stress.

Effects of hardening period, pruning and age of seedling on percent survival, height and diameter increment of mahogany and acacia indicated a generally favorable response but both species had decrease in height six months after planting because of die-back.

Ronquillo, R.S. 1990. Planting of Coffee Under a Second Growth Benguet Pine Stand. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan Road, Baguio City, Philippines

The 1-ha project was established in two separate sites but a total of 1,078 coffee seedlings were outplanted in these sites. At the end of the 2-12 year period, the survival was 92% and the mean total height and diameter growths were 56 cm and 0.9 cm, respectively.

Coffee grown under the pines, as observed did not perform well in terms of growth and appearance. These results could be attributed to the unfavorable effect of the soil because generally, soils in the forest land dominated by pine trees are acidic in nature. Supplemental applications of soil ammendment materials were done but effect was minimal or insignificant.

Drought or water stress had also been a factor in depriving good growth of plants.

Rovillos, Roland S. 2002. Effect of Stump Height on the Coppicing of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the stump height on the coppicing of yemane especially in terms of number of sprout produced, height of the coppice, diameter of the coppice, number of days from cutting to sprouting, height of dominant coppice, diameter of dominant coppice and number of

dominant coppice and to determine the best stump height that would induce the best growth of Yemane. The different treatments used were: 6 inches above the ground, 12 inches above the ground and 18 inches

above the ground. This was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design with three treatments replicated three times.

Results showed that stump cut 12 inches above the ground were the earliest to develop sprouts, the most number of sprouts in weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks and obtained the largest diameter of coppice for two months.

It is recommended that the stump height should be 12 inches above the ground to obtain faster coppicing of yemane.

Sampaga, Mario B. 1996. Above and Below Ground Profiling of Selected Multipurpose Tree Species. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Agroforestry productivity is based on the interaction of trees, crops and even animals on a given land area. Their existence creates a complex mix of process such as the competition for light, water, nutrients and space.

This study was conducted to generate data information on canopy structures and root growth pattern of selected multipurpose tree species. Ten selected multipurpose tree species were profiled, namely: narra (Pterocarpus indicus), mangium (Acacia magium), auri (Acacia auriculiformis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta), kakawate (Gliricidia sepium), antsoan dilaw (Cassia spectabilis), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), yemane (Gmelina arborea), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), and neem (Azadirachta indica).

Results of the study revealed that the tallest among the tree species was eucalyptus and the shortest was antsoan. Yemane had the widest in diameter at breast height and the narrowest was kakawate.

In terms of crown length, eucalyptus had the longest and antsoan had the shortest. Ipil-ipil had the highest and kakawate had the lowest crown height. In crown diameter and crown cover, narra had the largest and eucalyptus, the smallest. Antsoan had the largest trunk taper and eucalyptus had the lowest.

Mangium had the longest root and the shortest was yemane. Eucalyptus had the most number of lateral roots while yemane and neem had the least. Mangium had the longest lateral roots and ipil-ipil had the shortest. Kakawate had the longest tap root and tamarind had the largest diameter of tap root. Yemane had the most lateral roots, and Acacia had the least.

On the index of shallow rootedness, eucalyptus had the highest and kakawate had the lowest. Eucalyptus had the highest root density and ipil-ipil had the lowest. Yemane recorded the deepest lateral root and kakawate recorded the deepest tap root.

The researcher recommends kakawate and Ipil-ipil as hedgerows in the alley cropping system and as a pure stand in the Taungya Farming System to augment the soil fertility because they are nitrogen-fixing tree species.

Torres, D.S. and A.C. Ramos Jr. 1994. Plant Diversity Study of Mt. Makiling Mossy Forest Zone. Compilation of Research Abstracts, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

This study aimed to determine the plant diversity level, an important segment of conservation of Mt. Makiling mossy forest zone. The mossy forest zone was represented by two – 20 diameter circular plots which were used for plant inventory and collection of plant specimens from the plant inventory, estimated 20 bryophyte species (count was only based from ocular and microscopic inspection of moss specimens) and 85 vascular plant species were noted. Bryophyte and vascular plant species present within each plot was compared using the similarity index (SI). It was found that around 57.14 percent of the noted plant species existed in both plots. Such percentage may indicate low diversity levels among bryophytes. However, this is not very conclusive since only the SI was used as its basis. The Shannon-Weiner diversity Index was not applied to the bryophytes since number of bryophyte individuals was hard to take note of. Despite the high SI value obtained for the vascular plants, the species were still proven to be quite highly diverse as indicated by the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index. Also, among the vascular plants, computation of the relative density of each species revealed that Selaginella and S. Jagorii are the dominant species in the two plots.

Valdez, Romeo S. 1962. Development of Hagakhak (Dipterocarpus warburgii Brandis) in Plantation of Mt. Makiling with Emphasis on Crown Development during the Period 1952-1961. Compilation of Research Abstracts, UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines

The main objective of this study on hagakhak (Dipterocarpus warburgii Brandis) was to determine the relationship of crown diameter and depth to tree height. It is a phase of an intensive study of some tree in our plantations in Mt. Makiling. The result of which may be used

as guides in aerial timber cruising, an aspect which maybe carried on to augment the slow ground survey method of inventory in our country. The trend is that ground plots will serve only a check to estimates through aerial photographs.

This paper covered chiefly the crown development in nine years (1952-1961) and its relation to diameter and height increment.

The study was conducted in the dipterocarp plantation at the foot of Mt. Makiling and approximately 250 meters from the College of Forestry Building.

Crown width was measured to the nearest tenth of a meter with the use of a standard chain and crown depth was obtained by subtracting clear length from total height.

The study found out that the development of crown spread tends to increase in rate with the increase in diameter and total height. For every 5 centimeter, there is a corresponding average increase of 0.52 meter in crown diameter.

GERMINATION

Agpaoa, Alfredo C. 1980. Direct Seeding of Phosphorus and Rhizobium-coated Ipil-ipil/Leucaena Leucocephala (Lam) de Wit/ Seeds on Philippine Grasslands: Effects of Grass Height, Density and Lodging on Seedling Growth and Survival. MSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Phosphorus and rhizobium-coated seeds serves as protection and inoculant to the planting materials. Lodging, height and distribution strongly alter the survival and growth of plants.

Three experiments were conducted to find out the effect of seed treatments on germination, seedling survival, height, growth, and biomass ratio of ipil-ipil seedlings. After seed germination was completed, grasses around the germinated

seedlings were thinned to different densities, lodged and cut to different heights to find out its effect on the survival, growth, biomass and root/shoot biomass ratio of the seedlings.

In all three experiments, phosphorus coating was found to have significantly decreased percent germination of the seeds while Rhizobium inoculation of the seeds markedly increased

height and biomass of seedlings six months after germination.

Lodging grasses once a month and every 2 months for 5 months did not affect height growth and biomass production of local ipil-ipil seedlings but it retarded height growth and increased biomass of K-8 ipil-ipil seedlings. Lodging did not increase biomass of K-28 ipil-ipil seedlings but it retarded growth.

Cutting grasses retarded height growth of K-8, K-28 and local ipil-ipil seedlings and increased biomass of K-8 and K-28 ipil-ipil seedlings but not local ipil-ipil seedlings.

Root/shoot biomass ratio of seedlings of all the ipil-ipil cultivars six months after germination was increased by cutting as well as by lodging the grasses.

Higher survival of seedlings was attained in the plots where grasses were not cut than in the plots with cut grasses.

Agpaoa, A. C. Germination Characteristics of Newly Collected and One-Year Old Stored Seeds of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

The mean pre-germination period of both the newly collected, and one-year old stored seeds was 6 days. The mean germination energy period was 9.3 days and 10 days for newly collected and one-year old seeds, respectively. The mean germination period for one-year stored seeds was 19.3 days and for the newly collected seeds, 14 days. Analysis of variance of the mean pre-germination period, germination period, and germination energy period showed no significant variations.

The mean germinative capacity and mean germinative energy of the newly collected seeds and one-year stored seeds significantly varied. For newly collected seeds, the germinative capacity was 10.0% while the germinative energy was 7.65% in 9.3 days. The germinative capacity of the one-year stored seeds was 62.33 with germinative energy of 35% in 10 days.

Agpaoa, A. C. and M. L. Boliquen. 1994. Germination of Mahogany Seed as Influenced by Storage Materials and Temperature. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Baguio City, Philippines

Results of the study showed the pre-germination period of stored seed under room temperature for 2 months was shortened by 11 days and 20 days respectively, while the germination percent was increased by 40%.

Although the pre-germination period, germination period and germination percent of seeds kept in plastic, bottle and cloth bag stored in room temperature were not statistically analyzed, the differences were not significant. This means that mahogany seeds can either be kept in plastic bag, cloth bag or bottle provided room temperature, but storing the seeds in refrigerator for a month or more is detrimental to the seeds.

Alupay, Joseph R. 1995. Germination of Dao (Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. Et. Rolfe) Using Different Pre-Germination Treatments, BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Hard-coated seeds are usually given special treatments to induce rapid germination. Various pre-germination treatments are being practiced and these have been found to be very effective to hasten germination.

The study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatments for dao.

The Completely Randomized Design with four treatments replicated four times was used in the study. The treatments used in the study were: T₀ – Control, T₁ – nicking, T₂ – hot and cold water, and T₃ – sulfuric acid. The seeds were planted 2cm deep in the seedbed just after pre-treatment with 2cm spacing between each seeds and 8cm between rows. There were 15 seeds planted per plot.

Results of the study showed that seeds soaked in sulfuric acid were earliest to germinate, and had the highest percent germination, highest germination, and highest germination energy. Seed treatment with sulfuric acid, hot and cold water and nicking produced the highest mean daily germination, and highest germination value. All the germinated seeds from the four treatments had 100% survival. Analysis of variance on all data gathered revealed no significant differences among treatments used.

Based on the results of the study, seeds immersed in sulfuric acid were found to be the best in terms of germination period and germination percentage hence, these are recommended.

Asumio, Jefferson G. 2003. Pre-Germination Treatments of Alibangbang (Piliostigma malabaricum Roxb.) Seeds. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Production of large quantity of planting stock for reforestation purposes is one of the common problems encountered in the nursery.

Alibangbang seed still has a problem on how to accelerate the production of this species because of its hard coat that prevents rapid germination of seeds of early stage. Thus, various pre-germination treatments are employed.

This study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatments for alibangbang.

The soil medium composition used was 3:1:1 ratio of topsoil, river sand, and a mixture of carbon manure and forest litter.

The soil was sterilized in a galvanized iron with a temperature of 85⁰C in order to kill the destructive microorganisms. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments replicated three times. The pre-germination treatments used were: T₀ – Control, T₁ – denatured alcohol (soaked within 13 hours), T₂ – Tap water treatment (soaked within 12 hours), T₃ – alternate hot and cold water (soaked within 20 seconds in hot and 30 seconds in cold water twice), and T₄ – sulfuric acid treatment (soaked within 1 minute).

The findings of the research revealed that the seeds soaked in hot and cold water enhanced earliest germination and seeds soaked in denatured alcohol for 3 minutes resulted to the highest mean daily germination, percent germination, germination peak value and germination energy.

All parameters revealed significant differences among treatments used.

Ayeo, Rowena B. 2002. Germination of Prickly Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe) Using Pre-Sowing Treatments. DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Narra is a premium wood species which has been subjected to over-exploitation as manipulated by its rareness, the fact that it is rarely found in the forest. The seed is difficult to germinate in natural conditions.

This study was conducted to determine the best pre-sowing treatments for prickly narra. The study used the Completely Randomized Design with four treatments replicated three times. The treatments used were the following: T₀ – Control, T₁ – tap water (24 hours soaking), T₂ – boiling water for 3 seconds, and T₃ – soak in hot water (80⁰C) for 10 minutes.

The result of the study showed that the earliest to germinate were the seeds soaked in boiling water for 3 seconds and the last to germinate were the seeds with no pre-sowing treatment.

The researcher recommends that the seeds soaked in boiling water for 3 seconds should be used as the pre-sowing treatment of prickly narra.

Biag, Esmeralda G. 1984. Germination of Maber (Macadamia integrifolia) as Affected by Different Soil Media Under La Union Condition. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Rosario, La Union, Philippines

Since maber is introduced in the locality, there is a need to test the suitable soil media for its successful germination. However, other silvicultural practice as raising sound planting stocks is as equally important as fertilization. In the determination of soil mixture suitable for the growth of maber trees, nurserymen and researchers would be guided as to its large- scale propagation.

The study aimed to determine the percentage germination of maber as affected by different soil media. The treatments used were: T₁- sand, T₂ –ordinary garden soil, T₃ -1:1 ratio of sand and ordinary garden soil; T₄ – 1:1 ratio of garden sol and decomposed saw-dust: T₅ -1:1 sand and decomposed sawdust; and T₆ – 1:1 of sand, ordinary garden soil. The study was laid out using Complete Randomized Design, replicated four times.

Results of the study revealed that there was significant result on the average height of seedlings 30 days after sowing and 60 days after sowing, average diameter of seedlings 60 days and 90 days after sowing and on the average monthly height increment of seedlings after sowing.

However, findings indicated no significant difference on the average number of days from sowing to germination, average diameter of seedling 30 days after sowing, average monthly diameter increment of seedling 90 days after sowing, and on the percentage survival of seedlings 90 days after sowing.

Cachero, Leopoldo. 1984. The Effects of Different Seed Treatment on the Germination of Dao (Dracontomelon dao) Seeds. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan La Union, Philippines

Due to the importance of this tree species, it is therefore imperative to conduct a study on seed treatment application. Hence, one problem on the production of this species is its hard coated seed structure. Seed treatment application contributes some advantages regardless of effectivity.

Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments was used in the study ( soaking in tap water, soaking in hot water, nicking, and sulfuric acid ). It aimed to determine which seed treatment would give the highest percentage germination of dao seeds.

Results showed that soaking dao seeds in tap water resulted to the highest percentage germination and greatest germinative capacity while soaking to hot water resulted to the longest germination period. On the other hand, seeds soaked in sulfuric acid solution failed to germinate. The study yielded highly significant result.

Based on the result of the study, soaking in tap water is the most effective treatment when it comes to the germination of dao.

Costales, A.B. and F.M. Allan. 1991. Pre-germination Treatments of Gmelina arborea Seedlings. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Pre-germination treatment is one of the basic cultural operations in the nursery. This study assessed the quality of the planting materials needed to produce quality seedlings at the right time required.

To enhance germination of yemane (Gmelina arborea) seeds, these were treated as follows: (T1) seeds eaten by the cow collected from the animal dung; (T2) seeds eaten by cows and scarified by rubbing with sand paper; (T3) seeds scarified by rubbing with sand paper; and (T4) control seeds not scarified nor eaten by cows.

Results showed that germination period in T2 were only 48 days, T1 with 52 days, T3 with 53 days and T4 with 60 days from sowing. In terms of percent germination, T2 had the highest with 48.65%, T1 with 38.33%, T3 with 21.67% and T4 with 3.33%, respectively.

From these findings, it appears that seeds eaten by cows and scarified using sand paper germinated better than the other pre-treated and control seeds. Yemane seeds need scarification in order to improve germination performance.

Dacpano, Preciosa C. 1989. Pre-Germination Treatments and Early Growth Response of Acacia mangium (Willd.) Using Different Potting Media, MSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Pre-germination is one technique in the nursery to assess the growth of seeds germinated. Potting media likewise hasten and ultimately influence the early growth of planting stocks.

Seeds of Acacia mangium germinate poorly unless the impervious seed coat is treated so that the endosperm and embryo can take up water. The different methods of seed treatments affect the germination and growth of the species. In determining the best method of hastening seed germination and the soil mixture suitable for the growth of acacia mangium trees, nurserymen and researchers would be encouraged to generate technology for its possible large scale propagation, hence, the study was conducted.

The study was conducted to determine the best method of hastening germination for Acacia mangium and the effect of different potting media on its growth and survival of Acacia mangium. Treatments for Phase I experiment used in hastening germination were: tap water treatment (T₁), hot and cold water treatment (T₂) and acid treatment (T₃). Phase II treatments were: forest top soil (T₁), forest top soil + sand (T₂), sand + compost soil (T₃), forest top soil + sand + compost soil (T₄).

Results in Phase I revealed highly significant difference in the average number of days from soaking to start of germination, mean daily germination, germination percent, germination value, germinative energy and germinative peak value with 100% survival of germinated seeds.

In Phase II, highly significant results were noted on the height of seedlings at 45 and 60 days after sowing, diameter of seedlings at 60 days after sowing, and on dry root-shoot ratio of the seedlings. Significant result was obtained from the diameter of seedlings 45 days after sowing. No significant result was found from the number of days from sowing to germination, mean daily germination, germination percent, germinative peak value, germinative value, germinative energy, height and diameter of seedlings at 15 and 30 days after sowing, and on the percentage survival of seedlings at the termination of the study.

Based on the results, it is recommended that seeds of Acacia mangium should be soaked in hot and cold water before propagation in the nursery. Sand and compost at a similar ratio should be used as potting medium in propagating seedlings in the nursery.

Daowan, Jane D. 2002. Germination of Giant Ipil-ipil (Var. K- 636) As Affected by Pre-sowing Treatment. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The seeds of many woods like giant ipil-ipil require special pre-treatment before satisfactory germination can be obtained and at the same time the germination is uniform.

This study was conducted to determine the percentage of germination of ipil-ipil seeds and to determine the germinative energy, germinative peak value, and percentage survival of the germination stock. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments replicated four times. The following treatments were used: T₀- control (no pre- sowing treatment), T₁- boiling water (3 min. soaking), T₂ – tap water (24 hrs. soaking) and T₃- hot and tap water (30 min. soaking).

The result of the study showed that the earliest to germinate were the seeds soaked in tap water for 24 hrs while seed subjected to boiling water took the longest days to germinate.

On the other parameters, seeds soaked in hot water combined with tap water had the highest mean daily germination and germination peak value.

The seeds soaked in boiling water gained the best performance in terms of germination percentage, germination energy and percentage survival.

Fajardo, Jaime M. 2001. Germination of Bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.) Seeds Using Different Pre-Germination Treatments. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In view of the economic value and importance of bitaog tree, it is necessary to plant more of its kind but problems on how to accelerate the propagation arises due to its hard-coated seeds. Thus, it is necessary to apply seed treatment to assure relatively prompt and uniform seed germination.

The study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatment for bitaog seeds. Completely Randomized Design with four replications was used. The treatments used were: T₀ – control (no pre-treatment); T₁ – nicking/cracking; T₂ – hot and cold water; T₃ – sulfuric acid; and T₄ – scarification.

The results of the study showed that seeds subjected to nicking or cracking and scarification treatments recorded the earliest to germinate, highest mean daily and percentage germination, highest peak and germination value, highest germination energy and highest rate of survival.

Bitaog seeds treated with hot and cold water and sulfuric acid had zero survival.

Fang, Carlito. 1984. The Effects of Seed Treatments on the Germination of Ipil (Intsia bijuga) Seeds. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The seed of ipil is that with a hard thin shell making it hard to germinate; thus, disintegration of the seed cover is needed so that seeds germinate readily and uniformly. One way of achieving this is through the application of seed treatments.

The study was conducted to determine which seed treatment would give the highest percentage germination of ipil. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the lay-out using three treatments, namely: T₁- control (no treatment), T₂- scarification, and T₃- nicking.

Scarification gave the highest percentage germination and the highest germinative capacity while seeds with no treatment resulted to the lowest percentage germination and germinative capacity.

Analysis of Variance on percentage germination and germinative capacity revealed highly significant differences while in germination period, there were no significant differences among treatments used.

Based on the results of the study, scarification and nicking are recommended as pre-treatment for the germination of ipil.

Faustino, Reynaldo R. 1988. The Effects of Different Pre–Treatments on the Germination of Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) Seeds. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The success of any reforestation program is the mass production of good quality of planting stock in the nursery at the earliest possible time. Due to the hard seed coat of Acacia auriculiformis seeds which delays its germination, pre–treating the seeds is necessary.

The study was conducted to determine which among the four treatments would hasten the germination of Acacia auriculiformis seeds.

The soil was sterilized by cooking for three hours and pulverized into fine particles. The soil media used had a composition of 3 parts topsoil and one part river sand. The seeds were sown on 1.0 m x 1.5 m concrete seedbed and laid out using the Complete Randomized Design. Each treatment was replicated four times totaling to 16 plots, each with a dimension of 30m x 21cm. The following treatments were used: T₁ – Control (no pre–treatment), T₂ – Boiling water, T₃ – Soaking in Tapwater, T₄ – Hot and Cold water.

Results revealed that seeds soaked in boiling water gave the highest germination capacity and highest germinative energy. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among treatment means. Seeds pretreated with boiling water and hot and cold water achieved the shortest germinative period, hence it is recommended.

Maala, Gregorio V. Jr. 1991. Germination of Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis A. Conn. Ex.) as Affected by Different Sources of Potting Media. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The success of establishing plants also depends upon the condition, vigor and survival of the seedlings grown as affected by the kind of soil media used. Hence this study aimed to determine the effects of different sources of potting media on the germination of Acacia auriculiformis.

Completely Randomized Design was used in the study with five treatments replicated three times. The following treatments were used: T₁, soil from mulberry plantation; T₂, soil from teak plantation; T₃, soil from bamboo plantation; T₄, soil from mixed forest stand; and T₅, ordinary garden soil.

Results of the study showed that seeds sown in T₄ were the earliest to germinate while seeds in T₅ were the last. However, ANOVA revealed insignificant result. In terms of percentage germination, germination value, and germination energy, Analysis of Variance revealed highly significant result among treatments used. Significant results also registered on mean daily germination, germination peak value and germination survival.

Based on the results of the study, acacia seeds sown in soil gathered from bamboo plantation produced the highest germination percentage, germinative value, germination energy, and germination peak value. The lowest was produced by seeds sown in ordinary garden soil.

However, seeds sown in ordinary garden soil and soil from teak plantation obtained the highest percentage survival.

Mones, Alfonso A. 2002. Germination of Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) as Affected by Pre-Sowing Treatments. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

New plants are produced through sexual propagation. Sometimes, low percentage of germination may be encountered and this is sometimes due to strong seed dormancy, low seed moisture and hard seed coat.

Seed dormancy may be dejected or seed germination maybe hastened by employing pre-sowing treatments.

This study was conducted to determine which among the pre-germination treatments would give the highest germination percentage, shortest number of days from sowing to germination and the highest percentage survival.

There were 240 seeds used. The seedbed was prepared by mixing the soil media with two parts top soil and one part river sand. The soil was pulverized and sterilized in order to free the soil from pathogenic micro organisms.

The soil was placed in a concrete seedbed, leveled and watered after sowing. The experimental area was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with four treatments replicated three times. The treatments were: T₀ -control (no pre-sowing treatment), T₁ - hot and cold water, T₂ - tap water (24 hrs soaking), and T₃ - denatured alcohol.

Results of the study showed that control had the longest number of days from sowing to germination and the highest survival percentage one month after sowing. Seeds soaked in hot and cold water and denatured alcohol resulted to zero germination percentage. Analysis of Variance revealed significant differences on the number of days from sowing to germination and percentage survival. No significant difference was noted on germination percentage.

Ordoňo, Marvin A. 2001.Germination and Survival of Large Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) as Affected by Depth and Position of Sowing. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

It is proper to determine the correct depth and position of sowing to have the best result and faster germination of the seeds of large leaf mahogany. Appropriate depth of sowing and correct position of seeds will result to better germination percentage thus, minimizing laborious activities in sowing seeds.

The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of depth and position of sowing large leaf mahogany.

Randomized Complete Block Design was employed in nine treatments, namely: T₁ – flat in 2cm, T₂ – downward in 2cm, T₃ – upward in 2cm, T₄ – flat in 4cm and T₅ – downward in 4cm, T₆ –upward in 4cm, T₇ – flat in 6cm, T₈ – downward in 6cm and T₉ – upward in 6cm.

Results showed that there were significant effects of depth and position of sowing in the germination of leaf mahogany. Seeds in flat in T₁ were the earliest to germinate, and had the highest mean daily germination, highest germination energy and most number of seedling survived.

Based on the result of the study, shallower seeds in sowing are recommended in large leaf mahogany at flat position.

Paguyo, Benedict C. 2000. Pre-germination Treatments of Smooth Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Seeds. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Pre-germination of some seeds can be applied especially to some hard-coated seeds to hasten germination. This study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatment for smooth narra. The data gathered were: number of days from sowing to germination, mean daily germination, germination percent, germination peak value, germination energy, and percent survival. The study was laid out using the RCBD with five treatments, namely: control, tapwater, sulfuric acid, alternate hot and cold water, muriatic acid and denatured alcohol, replicated three times.

Results revealed that the seed soaked in sulfuric acid was the first to germinate. The seeds soaked in tap water for 12 hours had the best performance in terms of mean daily germination, percent germination, and germination peak value. The seeds treated with muriatic acid exhibited the highest germination energy and percent survival.

Based on the results, tap water is recommended for faster germination of narra seeds.

Penafiel, S. 1981. Growth of Benguet Pine in Areas Over-seed with Nitrogen Fixing Species. Compilation of Research Abstracts, FORI-PCARRD, UPLB College, Laguna, Philippines

One-year-old Benguet pine seedlings were planted in plots over-seeded with four forage legumes, namely: Centrosema pubescens, Desmodium intortum, Stylosanthes guianensis and Macroptilium atropurpureum. All forage legumes (considered as treatments) were over-seeded in replicated experimental plot at a rate of 3 kg/ha in open grassland dominated by cogon and themeda.

Three-year growth and survival data on Benguet pine seedlings show that there are no significant differences among seedlings grown under each forage legume sward. The best height (434.51 cm) and diameter (3.22 cm) growths were obtained under the Desmodium plots and survival was highest under the control plots (57.82%). For nitrogen content of Benguet pine needle tissues, variance analysis also showed no significant differences. The better growth values under Desmodium could be due to N contributions of Desmodium as the tissue samples collected from the sample pine seedlings had again the highest value with 1.89%.

Based on dry matter yield, the estimated nitrogen contributions of the legume are: Desmodium intortum – 113.31 kg/ha, Centrosema pubescens – 147 kg/ha, Macroptilium atropurpureum – 115.41 kg/ha, and 101.22 kg/ha for Stylosanthes guianensi.

Peralta, Teodoro O. 1988. The Effect of Different Seed Treatments on the Germination of Mangium (Acacia mangium). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The government is accelerating its research development efforts on reforestation by planting fast-growing tree species. One fast- growing tree species introduced is the acacia. However, there is still a problem on how to accelerate the propagation of this tree species because of its hard-coated seed.

It is, therefore imperative to conduct this study to determine which of the different seed treatments would be the best to hasten the germination of Acacia mangium.

Laying out of the area was done following the Complete Randomized Design, with three replications. The different treatments used were: T₁ - Control; T₂ - nicking; T₃ - coldwater treatment; T₄ - hot and cold water treatment. Seeds in T₁ were not treated, T₂ were subjected to nicking, cutting partially the tip of

the seeds at 0.5 mm thick and 1 mm wide. In T₃, the seeds were soaked for 24 hours in cold water. Those in T₄ were poured in hot water at 90⁰C and 30 seconds the hot water was poured off and seeds were next soaked in cold water for overnight. The seeds were sown in the seedbeds after

pre-treatment.

Results showed that nicking the seeds resulted to highest percentage germination and highest germinative energy. Analysis of Variance revealed highly significant differences on germination energy and germinative capacity and significant differences on germinative period.

Based on the findings, nicking and hot and cold water treatments are recommended for the germination of Acacia mangium.

Untalan, Paquito P. 1994. Pre-germination Treatment and Early Growth Response of Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) to Mycovam I Inoculation and Nitrogen Fertilization. MSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

Pre-germination is one of the operations in the nursery to hasten the germination of seeds.

Effects of various pre-germination treatments, namely: top water, hot and cold, and physical scarification on pre-germination period, mean daily germination, germination percent, germination peak value, germinative value, germinative energy and percent germination on Calliandra seeds were evaluated.

Pre-germination treatments had no significant effect on the pre-germination period but it had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on mean daily germination, germination percent, germinative peak value, germinative value and germinative energy.

The pre-germination treatment for Calliandra was done by soaking them in hot water, at initial temperature of 80⁰ C for 1 minute then soaking them in cold water for 24 hours before sowing.

Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0.6 gram, 0.9 gram and 1.2 grams per seedling) on height growth, stem growth, root: shoot ratio and vigor of Calliandra were evaluated.

Mycorrhizal inoculation did not have any significant effect on the root: shoot ration and survival but a highly significant effect was observed on height and stem diameter growth.

Villaroza, Mercedes O. 1984. The Effect of Different Temperatures and Length of Soaking on the Germination of Kayugalu (Sindula inermis Merr). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted to determine which of the different temperatures would give the highest percentage germination and to determine which temperature (0⁰C, 60⁰C, 90⁰C and 120⁰C) and length (0 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes) of soaking would result to the highest germinative capacity of the kayugalu seeds. The different treatments used were arranged using the Split Plot Technique of Randomized Complete Block Design with four blocks. The data gathered were: number of seeds germinated and percentage of germination.

Findings revealed that seeds soaked at 60⁰C resulted to the highest number of seed germination and percentage germination with a mean of 18.69 and 61.28, respectively while seeds soaked at 120⁰C had the lowest number of seeds germinated and percentage germination with a mean of 11.88 and 15.69, respectively. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among all parameters taken.

Those soaked in 10 minutes had the greatest number of seeds germination with a mean of 4.08 and 17.32, respectively while the lowest were those soaked at 0 minutes with respective means of 3.10 and 3.01. Highly significant differences were shown in the analysis of variance.

Seeds soaked at 60⁰C in 10 minutes gave the highest number of seeds germinated (7.30) while the lowest were those seeds soaked at 60⁰C in 0 minutes, 90⁰C in 0 minutes and 120⁰C in 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes with the same mean of 0.71.

Based on the results, soaking seeds in water at 60⁰C in 10 minutes gave the highest mean number of seeds germinated and percentage germination.

FORESTRY PROPAGATION

Agpaoa, A. C. 1980. Drought Resistance of Alnus (Alnus maritime) and Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Seedlings. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

The drought resistance and survival of Alnus and Yemane seedlings planted in the field during the dry season was determined. Potted seedlings of Yemane and Alnus were planted and watered everyday for 28 days. After that, watering was never done and survival and soil moisture in the root zone of the dead and drying seedlings were monitored.

After 34 days without watering, 90% survival of Yemane seedlings was noted which was significantly higher than the 70% survival of Alnus seedlings. The soil moisture content noted in the root zone of Yemane seedlings was 5.58% as to 5.95% soil moisture content noted in the root zone of Alnus seedlings.

Andres, Perpetua D. 1982. The Effects of Different Soil Media on the Growth and Rooting Development of Hanga( Pittoporumresineferum Hemls.) Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted at the Forestry Experimental Nursery of DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union to determine the effects of different soil media: pure garden soil, mixture of garden soil and sand, mixture of garden soil and humus, mixture of garden soil humus and sand, and mixture of humus and sand on the growth and rooting development of hanga cuttings. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the lay-out.

Hanga cuttings were planted two to three inches deep. Before potting, soil treatment was done by exposing the soil media for one week.

Results showed that the propagation of hanga cuttings on five soil media under DMMMSU, Bacnotan condition is not successful. This might be due to the elevation, atmospheric humidity, soil, temperature and other site factors which are not conductive to the propagation of this tree species. It might also be due to the nature of the plant family where the Hanga tree belongs.

Baroña, Romeo V. 1995. Survival of Tibig (Ficus nota Merr.) as Affected by Different Concentrations of ANAA and Duration of Soaking. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The inadequacy of water supply both potable and irrigation purposes suggests that trees capable of holding water in long periods are necessary for the rehabilitation of denuded watershed areas. One of them is tibig.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different concentrations of ANAA and duration of soaking tibig species in terms of its growth and survival.

The treatments used were: factor A (different concentrations of ANAA) under this were A₀ – control (tap water) , A₁ - 25 ml of ANAA/ liter of water, A₂ - 50 ml of ANAA/liter of water, A₃ - 75 ml of ANAA/liter of water, A₄– 100 ml of ANAA/liter of water, A₅- 125 ml of ANAA/liter of water and under factor B (duration of soaking) were B₁ – 5 minutes , B₂ - 12 hrs. , B₃ – 24 hrs and B₄ - 36 hrs. The study was arranged following the 5 x 3 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD – Factorial).

The results of the study showed that tibig cuttings soaked in 25 ml of ANAA/liter of water were significantly different from those soaked in other concentrations in all the parameters gathered. On the other hand, tibig cuttings soaked for 12 hours were significantly different from other cuttings in all the duration of soaking in all the parameters gathered.

In terms of interaction effects, those tibig cuttings soaked in 25 ml of ANAA/liter of water for 12 hours significantly produced the best result in all the parameters taken.

Based on the result of the study, soaking tibig cuttings in 25 ml of ANAA/liter of water for 12 hrs is recommended in propagating tibig cuttings.

Benter, Renato P. 1983. Performance of Outplanted Cashew Using (Anacardium occidentale) Different Methods of Planting Area Preparation. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Land preparation for plant growth has more important effects, like easy penetration of roots and easy development and recovery of the plant.

The study aimed to determine the effects of planting area preparation on the height and diameter of cashew plants. The study was laid-out using the Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments used were: T₁ – without clearing, T₂ – spot clearing, and T₃ - complete clearing.

The height and diameter of cashew plants six months after planting were not significantly affected by the different methods of planting area preparation. However, complete clearing resulted to the highest monthly increment and biggest diameter increment of cashew.

The final height and diameter of cashew plants under spot clearing resulted to the tallest plants and biggest diameter of cashew, while without clearing resulted to the shortest plants. Survival rate was high (100%) in all treatments.

Based on the results of the study, no clearing is recommended for economic purpose. However, spot clearing is most preferred as shown by numerical difference in terms of diameter and growth monthly increment.

Bersamin, J. B. and E. F. Costales, Jr. Effects of Types of Planting Stocks on Survival and Growth of Benguet Pine. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Planting stock is widely known to greatly influence the survival of seedlings. It contributes invariably on the early growth parameters of plants.

The planting stocks used were potted, bare-root and mud-puddled seedlings. Potted seedlings had the highest mean percent survival of 53.67%, followed by mud-puddled seedlings with 40.63% and bare-root had the least survival with 36.75%.

In terms of the mean height growth increment, bare-root seedling had the highest with 25.06 cm, followed by mud-puddled seedlings with 24.61 cm. Surprisingly, the potted seedlings manifested the lowest mean height of 23.37 cm, although no significant variation among the different planting stocks was observed.

The results indicate that the different types of planting stocks revealed no significant variation both in survival and height growth of the Benguet pine seedlings.

In the case of exposure, no significant changes were observed on the survival of the seedlings. However, seedlings outplanted in the North, South and West exposures were significantly taller than the East exposure. These findings indicate that Benguet pine seedlings potted, mud-puddled or bare-root can be planted in North, South and West Exposure.

Cariño, Jessie. 1980. Prop Roots and Adventitious Roots Formation of Bakawan Lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) Sapling from Different Provenance. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Bakauan lalaki is one of the most commonly used reforestation species for the rehabilitation of mangrove and swamps forest today. Initial investigative study revealed the possibility that prop root growth for Rhizophoraceae family is under heavy genetic control. Thus, manipulation of genes in controlling prop root growth can enhance the quality of sapling.

The study generally sought to test the suitability of using prop root growth development as a means of assessing the quality of bakauan lalaki sapling. A phenotypically superior mother tree was selected from three sources – Darigayos, Paraoir and Tabok.

The study was laid out using Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Twenty seedlings from each family were planted at the end of fish cages. Parameters taken were the number of adventitious and prop root formation; length; diameter; number and height of sapling and functional leaves; and number of branches for four measuring period. Crown basal area and survival percentage was taken only during the last measuring period.

Results of the study revealed no significant differences on the monthly number of adventitious roots and prop roots formed, length of prop roots, diameter and height of saplings, number of functional leaves, number of branches, crown basal area and survival percentage of bakauan saplings.

Collado, Ricardo S. 1996. Performance of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra L. Gaerta) Stem Cuttings as Affected by Different Lengths and Diameter Classes. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In view of the economic value and importance of kapok in country today, there is a need to search for methods in propagation. One of the practical ways of propagation is the use of stem cuttings. In stem cuttings, it is important to consider performance in terms of the length and diameter of stem to use because these have significant roles on the growth and development of sprouts of the cuttings.

This study was conducted to determine which of the three diameter classes and length of kapok cuttings can give the best growth and survival. The study was laid-out following the 3 x 4 factorial experiments in RCBD with three replications. There were 180 cuttings of kapok used. The following treatments were used: Factor A (diameter classes) A₁ – 2.1 cm – 3.0 cm, A₂ – 3.1cm – 4.0 cm, and T₃ – 4.1cm – 5.0 cm; Factor B (length of cuttings) B₁ – 30 cm, B₂ – 50 cm, B₃ – 70 cm and B₄ – 100 cm.

Based from the findings of the study, the diameter classes used were comparable with each other on the number of sprouts per plant, average length of roots per plant and percentage survival. The cuttings 70 cm and 100 cm long were significantly higher over the 30 cm and 50 cm long in terms of the number of sprouts produced, number of days to first sprout emergence and the percentage survival. On the length of major roots, all the length of cuttings used had no significant differences. There was a significant interaction between the diameter classes and the length of cuttings on the number of sprouts at 84 days after planting. All other interactions were not significant.

Coloma, Elenita D. 1983. Comparative Study of Outplanted Seedlings and Direct Seeding on the Growth and Survival of Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala). BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Massive production of ipil-ipil is needed because of its multiple uses, which include reforestation, fuel wood and fodder; so its growth and survival is of great importance.

The study was conducted to determine the growth and survival of transplanted and direct seeded giant ipil-ipil. The treatments were distributed at random following the Complete Randomized Design with the following treatments: T₁- direct seeded, and T₂- transplanted seedlings.

The results of the study revealed that transplanted seedlings grew faster than the direct seeded although the analysis of variance was not significant.

Based on the results of the study, transplanted ipil-ipil seedlings performed better than direct seeded; therefore, ipil-ipil seedlings can be raised in the nursery before they are transplanted.

Costales, Adelaida B. 1983. Variations in Some Growth Characteristics, Specific Gravity and Tracheid Length of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) Provenances Grown in Benguet. Compilation of Research Abstracts, UPLB College of Forestry, Laguna, Philippines

Variations in growth and some wood characteristics of eight Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) provenances grown in Benguet were investigated. This provenance experimental study was established earlier in Binga, Itogon, Benguet in 1970. Data presented were gathered in November 1982 when the stand was 12 years old.

Significant differences among provenance in height, diameter, number of branch whorls, number of branches per whorl and tracheid length were observed. Provenance 109 (San Nicolas, Pangasinan) performed best in the area with regards to growth pattern, growth rate and in specific gravity while SC 111 (Kabayan, Benguet) exhibited poor growth performance and lowest specific gravity.

These results imply that seeds collected from Kabayan, Benguet were slightly lower in genetic superiority compared to other provenances included in the study. Correlation analyses between character traits indicated strong association between height and diameter growths in all the provenances. There was moderate to inverse relationship between number of branch whorls and internodal length. Very low correlation coefficients between specific gravity and tracheid length were obtained among the eight provenances. On diameter and specific gravity relationship, SC 110 (Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya) exhibited direct relationship between these traits. SC 112 (Mt. Data, Mt. Province) also showed direct relationship between height and tracheid length.

Dalmacio, Harold U. 1996. Growth and Survival of Anos “Shizostachyum Lima (Blanco) Merr.” As Affected by Different Methods of Propagation. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study aimed to determine which among the three asexual parts of anos cuttings would give the best result in terms of growth, diameter increment and survival of anos. This study was conducted at the Bamboo Production Walk-in Training Center, Bacnotan, La Union from September 18 to November 18, 1995.

Two hundred seventy cuttings of anos were propagated in the study. These were laid out following The Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The following treatments were used: Treatment 1 – Stump Cuttings, Treatment 2 – Culm Cuttings and Treatment 3 – Branch Cuttings.

Results revealed no significant effect on the monthly height increment, monthly diameter increment, height and diameter after 60 days and in the survival percentage 60 days after planting. However, stump cuttings had the highest monthly height increment of 13.73 cm, monthly diameter increment of 0.67 mm, height after 60 days 20.37 and the highest diameter after 60 days in the culm cuttings.

Significant result was obtained on the number of roots produced 60 days after planting with stump cuttings having the most number of roots (9.75). Highly significant result was obtained on the number of sprouts emerged 60 days with stump cuttings having the most number of sprouts (3.23).

Based on the results of the study, stump cuttings are recommended in the propagation of anos.

Dolor, Armando A. 1984. Effects of Different Soil Media on the Growth and Development of Rain Tree (Samanea saman) Seedlings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The woodcarving industry principally depends much on this rain tree species. Since this is

one of the slow- growing species, genetic manipulation is a necessity for its growth and survival.

The study aimed to determine the effects of different soil media on the growth and development of rain tree seedlings. The experimental design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments, such as: T_a- top forest soil, T_b- ordinary garden soil, T_c- top forest soil and river sand and T_d- ordinary garden soil and river sand.

Results of the study showed that seedlings grown in ordinary garden soil and river sand had the biggest monthly diameter increment and the greatest final height increment. All the treatments used registered a 100% survival.

The analyses of variance on all the parameters taken showed insignificant result.

Rain tree seedlings can therefore be grown in any of the soil media used in the study.

Dolor, Perlita C. Performance of Alibangbang (Pileostigma malabaricum Benth) Cuttings for Different Amount of Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

One effective way of hastening propagation of cutting is through the use of root inducing hormones. These hormones will enhance root initiation and development. Some studies showed that root hormone when applied to cuttings accelerate normal metabolism and increase the root primodia. ANAA had proven effective in the vegetative propagation of various species. It is a chemical already proven by previous studies as a measure in promoting and hastening root growth of cuttings.

This study aimed to determine the effects of different amounts of ANAA on the growth of Alibangbang cuttings. The treatments used in the study were: T₀ – control (no application) T₁ – cutting dipped for eight (8) hours in 10.5 ml. of ANAA + 1.5 li of H₂O, T₂ – cutting dipped for six (6) hrs in 21.0ml of ANAA + 1.5 li. of H2O, T₃ – cutting dipped for six (6) hrs. in 31.5 ml. of ANAA + 1.5 li. of H₂O. The treated cuttings were uniform in diameter and length and planted in plastic bags. Four treatments with 5 replications were used and laid out using the Randomized Complete Block Design.

Based on the results of the study, the different treatments did not significantly affect the average number of days from planting to shoot emergence, average number of shoots produced for cutting 30, 60 and 90 days after planting, average length of shoots for cutting 30, 60 and 90 days after planting, and average length increment from 30, 60 and 90 days after planting.

However, a significant difference was observed on the average length of shoots 30, 60 and 90 days after planting.

Cuttings should be dipped for six (6) hours in 31.5 ml of ANAA + 1.5 li. of H₂O.

Escusa, Jonathan Patrick S. 1998. Vegetation Propagation of Hedges Bamboo as Affected by Planting Media and Density of Planting. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Bamboo arrests soil erosion, stabilizes riverbanks, improves the environment and thrives on a wide range of soils. Bamboo is a suitable reforestation species that can provide both environmental protection to watershed areas and livelihood in upland communities.

This study was conducted to determine which potting media and density of planting are best for the growth and survival of hedges bamboo. It also determined the treatment that would give the greatest number of root developed and highest percentage survival.

One thousand two hundred stumps of hedges bamboo were propagated in this study, arranged following the Split Plot Technique in RCBD with three replications. The treatments used were the following: Main Plot – A₁ - garden soil, A₂ – rice hull, A₃ – saw dust and A₄ – mixture of garden soil, rice hull and saw dust; and Sub Plot – B₀ – 1 stump, B₁ – 2 stumps, B₂ – 3 stumps and B₃ – 4 stumps.

The study revealed no significant differences in all the parameters taken on the effects of potting media and the interaction effects of potting media and density of planting hedges bamboo.

Significant differences were observed on the effect of density of planting in terms of the length of sprouts while highly significant differences were observed on the number of sprouts produced, length of sprouts and percentage survival.

Based on the results of the study, any of the potting media used planted with four stumps of hedges bamboo is recommended.

Espero, Adrian B. 2003. Non-Mist Macropropagation Technique for Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss)as Affected by ANAA Superthrive, and Hormex. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Planting stock for most reforestations is still produced from seeds despite problems associated with the quality of planting materials; germination rates of some trees aggregate such problems. These limitations constitute a good reason to explore the potential for true-to-type mass cloning using macro propagation techniques.

This study was conducted to determine which of the three rooting hormones (ANAA, Superthrive, and Hormex) is suitable for the propagation of molave using tip cuttings.

The shoot tips of molave trees were collected with at least three nodes from the side branches of the newly established molave plantation (four months from planting). Cuttings were protected from desiccation. The end tip of the cuttings were treated with fungicide (5% Ditane) for 5 seconds to prevent the attack of fungi, then the end-tip were dipped to garden soil, and sandy soil with medium texture, pH of 6.8, low in nitrogen medium in potassium and sufficient in phosphorus. The experimental treatments used in the study

were: T₀ – Control, T₁ – ANAA (full concentration, dipped for one minute), T₂ – Superthrive (1.0% concentration, dipped for 1 minute) and T₃ - Hormex (full concentration, dipped for 1 minute). The experimental area was laid out using Completely Randomized Design with four replications.

Results of the study revealed no significant differences in the percentage survival (after one and two months of gathering), root biomass (over dry weight), and number of shoots from first to third week including six weeks. Similarly, there was no significant difference on the length of shoots and diameter two months after set up. However, there were highly significant differences at five, seven and eight weeks after set up on the number of shoots and length of longest roots and significant at height increment.

Molave shoot tip cuttings can be used for vegetative propagation. Although the survival is low, based on the study, molave shoot tip can be induced to produce root with or without the application of rooting hormone.

Gacilos, Emily G. 1999. Vegetative Propagation of Buddha Bamboo (Bambusa tuldoides Munro Syn L. Ventricosa Mc Lure) as Affected by Duration of Soaking in ANAA. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

One of the bamboo species used with several potential uses is the Buddha bamboo which is found to be growing singly. It is due to these potentials that mass production of these species is demanded.

This study was conducted to determine which of the three asexual parts will produce the most number of sprouts, tallest sprouts and highest survival and to determine the best duration of soaking in ANAA. The study also determined the best interaction effects of the asexual parts and duration of soaking in ANAA.

Three hundred sixty selected cuttings of Buddha bamboo were propagated in the study. The study was laid out following the 4 x 3 factorial in Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. The treatments used were: A- duration of soaking – A₀ – control, A₁ – 10 minutes, A₂ – 20 minutes, A₃ – 30 minutes and B – asexual propagation – B₁ – culm cuttings, B₂ – branch cuttings, B₃ – split culm cuttings.

Results showed no significant differences on the average number of days to first sprout emergence, number of diameter of sprouts at 15 and 45 days after planting, height of sprouts at 15 and 45 days after planting and percentage survival of Buddha bamboo as affected by duration of soaking in ANAA. Highly significant results were revealed on the average number of days to first root emergence and a significant result occurred on the average height of sprouts 30 days after planting.

In terms of the different asexual parts, results revealed no significant differences on the average height of sprouts 30 days after planting and highly significant results were observed in all the treatments used in the study.

On the other hand, the interaction effects between the duration of soaking in ANAA and asexual parts revealed highly significant results on the average number of days to first root emergence and average height of sprouts at 45 days after planting. Significant result was observed on the percentage survival of Buddha bamboo. Insignificant differences were obtained on all the other parameters used in the study.

Based from the results of the study, the researcher recommends that culm or split cutting of Buddha bamboo soaked or no soaking in ANAA be used in the propagation of Buddha bamboo.

Garcia, Jocelyn M. 2002. Effect of Root Pruning and Root Hormone Application on the Growth and Quality of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla Rings) Wildlings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

To improve the growth quality and survival of mahogany wildlings, root pruning becomes necessary. Root pruning prevents the growth of a long tap root and induces the formation of many lateral roots.

This study was conducted to determine which of the three concentrations of ANAA and length of root pruning would produce the tallest, the largest diameter, the most number of secondary roots formed, the heaviest biomass shoot – root ratio, the heaviest total biomass and the highest percentage survival.

Three hundred sixty wildlings were laid out following the 4 x 3 factorial in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. The treatments used were the following: Factor A – concentration of ANAA (A₁ - pure ANAA 1:0; A₂ - mixture of ANAA and water 1:1; A₃ -mixture of water and ANAA 2:1; and A₄ - pure water 0:1) and Factor B – length of pruning (B₀ - control; B₁ - 4cm from root collar; and B₂ - 8cm from root collar).

Results of the study revealed no significant difference in the concentrations of ANAA in the diameter growth, height growth, number of secondary root formed, biomass shoot-root ratio, total wildling biomass, and in the percentage survival. However, length of pruning significantly affected the percentage survival of wildlings. Further, there was no significant interaction effect between the concentration of ANAA and length of pruning in all parameters taken.

The mixture of water and ANAA concentration resulted to better height growth, diameter growth, secondary roots, root-shoot ratio, total wildling biomass, and percentage survival. Length of pruning using wildlings pruned 4 cm from root collar produces the heaviest biomass shoot-root ratio and total wildlings biomass.

Gaspar, Cecile Laura B. 1996. Vegetative Propagation of Giant Bamboo (Gigantochloa aspera Kurtz) Under La Union Condition. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Bamboo is popularly known as the”poor man’s lumber.” One of the exotic species of bamboo is the giant bamboo. The growth of this species is faster and pole culm management is much bigger compared to the existing land species.

This study was conducted to determine which of the different parts of giant bamboo would be the best for vegetative propagation under La Union condition. The area was laid out following the RCBD with three treatments and four blocks. The treatments used were the following: T₁ – culm cutting, T₂– branch cutting, and T₃ – slat cutting.

Result showed significant differences on the number of sprouts and the height of sprouts. This could be attributed to the culm and slat cuttings that contain more carbohydrates for the production of more sprouts and faster elongation compared to branch cuttings. On the analysis of Phase II, significant differences occurred on height increment, number of sprouts and percentage survival produced because of the continued supply of the food stored in the culm and slot cuttings as compared to branch cutting.

Based from the findings of the study, the author recommends the following: the slat and culm parts of the giant bamboo could be considered for propagation; further study should be conducted before the outset of rainy season and for longer period of time to give ample time for observation; and for better results, the use of rooting hormone and fungicides should be considered.

Gavina, Edgar D. 1993. The Effects of Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Early Growth and Survival of Agoho (Casuarina equisitifolia) As Shelterbelts. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Shelterbelts are long narrow line of vegetation consisting of a mixture of trees, shrubs and vines with the purpose of protecting valuable cropland from destructive winds. Agoho is considered as a promising shelterbelt.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and survival of Agoho. Randomized Complete Block Design was used in the lay-out with four treatments: T₀ – control, T₁ – 1 tablet mycogro, T₂- 1 tablespoon mycovam and T₃ – 1tablespoon mycovam + 1 tablet mycogro.

Results showed that there were no significant effects of the mycorrhizal inoculation on the monthly height, diameter increments and percentage survival of the outplanted Agoho seedlings.

Furthermore, any of the treatments (with or without inoculation) is recommended for Agoho seedlings.

Gonzales, Adonis L. 1995. Propagation of Two Varieties of Bamboo (Bambusa blumeana and Bambusa vulgaris) Using Different Portions of Culm Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The appropriate selection of the portion of the culms is vital in bamboo propagation. The right portion or part of the culm which has better root growth also varies according to species.

This study was conducted to determine which of the two bamboo varieties using different portions of culm cuttings could give the best performance in terms of growth and survival, number of shoots and roots produced. The 2 x 3 Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design was used with the following treatments: Factor A (Bamboo varieties) A₁– Kauayan tinik and A₂ – Kauayan killing and Factor B (different portions) B₁ – basal portion, B₂ – middle portion and B₃ – top portion.

The study revealed that on the length increment of the two varieties of bamboo, there was highly significant difference on the different portions of culm cuttings, top and middle being comparable but significantly

different to basal portion.

On the interaction effect, no significant differences were noted among the treatments. In terms of number of shoots, there was a significant difference between the two varieties as well as the different portions of culm cuttings.

However, on the interaction effect, the result revealed that varieties and portions did not vary on the number of shoots. On the different portions, the basal portion showed highly significant difference over the other portion used. The other parameters used showed no significant result.

Based from the results of the study, the researcher recommends the top and basal portion of the varieties of bamboo to be utilized as a source of propagated materials for better growth of shoots and roots and greater survival.

Herreria, Anna Marie. 2003. Asexual Propagation of Bani (Pongania pinnata (Linn.) Merr.) as Affected by Lengths of Soaking and Concentration to ANAA. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Asexual propagation is a form of plant propagation in which the progeny possess exactly the same characteristics as the parent plant. Bani can be propagated through stem cuttings using rooting hormones. The plant growth regulator (PGR) had been found effective in controlling or modifying plant growth. One of this is the Alpha-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) which has been found effective in plant propagation that facilitates root formation.

This study was conducted to determine the response of bani cuttings to the lengths of soaking to ANAA. Four hundred eighty cuttings of bani were used in the study using the Two-Factor Factorial (4x4) in Randomized Complete Block Design with sixteen treatment combinations replicated three times. The treatments used were the following: Factor A (Length of Soaking): L₀ - (Control); L₁ - 6-hour soaking; L₂ - 12-hour soaking; L₃ – 18-hour soaking Factor B (Concentrations) C0 - tap water; C₁ - 2 tablespoon/liter of water; C₂ - 3 tablespoon /liter of water; C₃ - 4 tablespoon/liter of water.

Results of the study revealed that in terms of the effect of length of soaking, there were significant effects on the average lengths and the average diameter of developed sprouts 60 days after planting. All other parameters taken had highly significant effect. In terms of the lengths of soaking and concentration to ANAA, bani cuttings soaked at 18 hours and any concentrations can be used to produce larger and bigger diameter of sprouts and higher percentage survival 90 DAP.

Based from the results of the study, the researcher recommends that for higher and bigger diameter and higher survival, bani cuttings should be soaked for 18 hours at different concentrations; further study should be done using juvenile cuttings; and the amount of rooting hormone should be computed based on recommended rates.

Judan, Louie T. 2002. Propagation of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe.) Cuttings as Affected by Different Lengths of Exposures to ANAA. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In a tree improvement and breeding program or in well-planned reforestation activity, selection of parent trees as seed sources of planting materials is highly indispensable. In reality, however, the common practice is to propagate whatever planting materials available at hand.

This study was conducted to determine the best length of exposure to ANAA that respond well on the early growth of prickly narra cuttings.

Twelve phenotypically healthy cuttings of prickly narra between 5-7cm in diameter and 1.2m length were gathered, prepared and propagated for the study. The treatments used were

the following: T₀ - pure tap water; T₁ – 6 hrs; T₂ – 12 hrs; and T₃ - 18 hrs. These were laid out using Completely Randomized Design.

Results of the study revealed no significant effect on the number of days from soaking to shoot emergence and number of developed sprouts 30, 60 and 90 DAP. Length and diameter of developed sprouts 30, 60 and 90 DAP showed no significant effect on the length of exposure to ANAA. However, all the cuttings for all the treatments had 100% survival at the termination of the study.

Based on the results obtained from the study, prickly narra trees can be propagated even without using ANAA.

Lais, Flora S. 1999. Vegetative Propagation of Bayog (Dendrocalamus merrilliannus Elm.) Using Different Parts of the Culm. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Bamboos are good reforestation species that could even grow in marginal lands like cogonal areas, survives summer drought and grass fire and develop a forest-like canopy rapidly. During growth to maturity, it can sustain annual harvest which can profitably return the cost of investment. With the important uses of bayog, there is a need to increase its production through asexual means.

The study was conducted to determine which of the three culm parts of bayog can give the best growth and percentage survival. It was laid out using the Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. Each replication was divided into three plots, thus, making a total of 9 plots for the whole study. The different treatments used were T₁ – basal, T₂ – middle, and T₃ – tip.

The propagules were propagated directly in polyethylene bags filled with rice hull and sawdust. Bamboo propagules were placed at the center of the bag on a slanting position.

Results of the study revealed no significant differences in terms of the number of days to first sprout emergence, number and height of sprouts, and percentage survival.

Basal position had significantly higher difference over the tip portion as to the number and diameter of roots produced but comparable to the middle part of the culm of bayog.

The use of basal and middle portion of the culm is recommended as good sources of planting materials for they have dormant buds that are capable of producing new shoots

Maddumba, H.A., A.V.B. Lopez and M. E. Salvatera. 1995. Effectiveness of Rooting Hormone on the Survival and Root Development of Wildberry (Rubus Niveus Thumb.) Cuttings. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

This study was conducted to determine the concentration of IBA and ANAA that would enhance root development and survival of cuttings of wildberry and to compare the most effective rooting substance.

Cuttings of wildberry plants taken from the middle crown were used in the study. These cuttings were soaked for one hour in different concentrations of IBA and ANAA: 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 0 ppm or control.

On the survival of wildberry cuttings, analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the treatments at 5% and 1% level. Cuttings soaked in 50 ppm IBA (H₁C₂) gave the highest percent survival. However, this treatment was not significantly different from treatments H₁C₀ (0ppm IBA), H₁C₁ (25 ppm IBA), H₁C₄ (100 ppm IBA) and H₂C₀ (0 ppm ANAA). In terms of concentration, cuttings soaked in 75 ppm gave the lowest percent survival of cuttings and was significantly different from the rest of the concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 ppm). The use of IBA as rooting hormone gave a better result on the survival of cuttings than ANAA.

The number and length of primary roots of wildberry cuttings were not significantly affected by the kind and concentrations of hormones.

Maddumba, H.A., A.V.B. Lopez and M.E. Salvatera.(1995). Survival and Root Development of Alumani (Vaccinum whitfordii Merr) Cuttings Under Various Soil Media. Compilation of Research Abstracts, ERDS, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

The study focused on the determination of the best soil medium and diameter class of alumani cuttings that will enhance root development and give the highest survival rate. The various soil media used were garden soil, compost, 1:1 mixture of pure sand and garden soil, 1:1 mixture of garden soil and compost, and 1:1 mixture of pure sand, garden soil and compost. The diameter classes of cuttings used were as follows: 0.5 – 1.0 cm; 1.01 – 1.5 cm and 1.51 – 2.0 cm.

Results showed high percent survival of alumani cuttings under the different diameter class (0.5-1.0; 1.01-1.5; 1.51-2.0 cm) using ordinary garden soil with the survival rates of 65%, 43% and 57%, respectively. Diameter class (05.0-1.51 cm) had the highest average survival rate among the diameter classes used with 27.5% followed by 1.51-2.00 cm diameter class with 18%. The diameter class of from 1.01-1.50 cm obtained the lowest percent survival of 17.2%.

On the number of the primary roots produced, the cuttings with diameter class (0.50-1.00 cm) planted in garden soil produced the most primary roots with 55 roots having an average length of 11.2 cm. This was followed by cuttings of diameter class (1.01-1.50 cm) with an average of 33 roots having a length of 7.5 cm then alumani cuttings with a diameter of 0.50 to 1.00 cm (planted in PS + GS) with 24 roots having a length of 8.2 cm. Cuttings planted in compost + sand had only 1 root with an average length of 1.3 cm.

Moog, Alfa O. 1994 . Transpiration Rate of Alnus (Alnus maritime Nutt) Seedlings. MSc Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet, Philippines

Transpiration is simply the loss of water in vapor form from the leaves. The broad and flattened shape of a leaf as well as its extensive internal surface enables the process of transpiration.

Leaves are pruned more than roots so that transpiration will not exceed the absorbing capacity of the roots. Over-size hard-wood seedlings may be cut to the desired length of both the steward tap root.

Six-month-old, potted, and vigorous/healthy Alnus seedlings of different height classes were selected. Six height classes (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 cm) served as treatments. Ten seedlings per treatment were used in the study.

Transpiration rate of Alnus was significantly affected by height, root-shoot, leaf area, air temperature, and relative humidity. It was not significantly affected by soil temperature.

Transpiration rate increased with increased air temperature and increased relative humidity. Seedlings measuring 20, 30 and 35 cm had a higher root-shoot ratio than seedlings measuring 25, 40, and 45 cm and had a higher leaf area than seedlings measuring 20, 25, and 35cm.

Recommendation includes pruning (root and shoot system) of seedlings; not planting Alnus in or near water sources; avoiding monoculture Alnus plantation; and conducting further studies aimed at determining transpiration rate of other Alnus species.

Noble, B.F.1984. Comparative Costs and Survival Rates of Direct-Seeding, Planting Germinates and Conventional Seedling Planting of Denuded Benguet Pine Areas. Compilation of Research Abstracts, PMSD, ERDB, DENR-CAR, Loakan, Baguio City, Philippines

Three methods of reforestation, namely: direct seeding, germinant planting and seedling planting of Benguet pine were compared in terms of cost, survival and total height growth increment. The cost incurred per hectare was lowest under the direct-seeding with P338.65, followed by the germinant planting (362). The highest cost was attained in the seedling planting technique with P2,050/ha.

In terms of mean survival percentage, the planted seedlings gave 70.2% survival which was significantly higher than either the direct-seeding with 15.8% of the germinant planting (26.2%). The average seedling survival percentage of the germinants showed significant variations over the direct-seeding.

For the total seedling height growth increment, the planted seedlings attained the highest average increment with 42.55 cm per seedling over an 18-month period. This growth increment differed significantly either from the height increment under the direct seeding (30.34 cm) or the planted germinants (31.72). The germinants failed to show any variation from the direct seeding technique in height growth increment.

Nolasco, Edlyn P. 2002. Effect of Root Pruning and Rooting Hormone of the Growth and Quality of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Greening the country has long been the thrust of the government and is undertaking a massive reforestation program and tree planting program for varied reasons not only for the utilization of the wood and also the contribution to ecological balance.

This study was conducted to determine which of the three concentrations of ANAA and the length of pruning would produce the tallest height, largest diameter, the most number of secondary roots and the highest percentage survival. It also aimed to determine the interaction effect of ANAA concentration and length of pruning.

Three hundred sixty seedlings were used in the study and were laid out with the use of the 3 x 4 Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The different treatments used were: Factor A (Concentration of ANAA) A₁ – pure ANAA, A₂ – mixture of ANAA and water, A₃ – mixture of water and ANAA, A₄ – pure water; and Factor B (Length of Pruning) B₀ – Control, B₁ – 4cm from root collar, B₂ – 8cm from root collar.

Results of the study revealed no significant difference on the height, diameter growth, secondary roots, total seedling biomass, root shoot ratio and percentage survival. The interaction effects between the concentration of ANAA and the length of pruning revealed no significant difference in all parameters used.

Orallo, Cesar A.1980. Juvenille Growth Response of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) Seedlings of Various Provenances. Compilation of Research Abstracts, UPLB College of Forestry, Laguna, Philippines

Four most vigorous seedlings in each five-plus trees per collection zones were selected for outplanting. At the time of planting, all seedlings were described as being sturdy, stocky with well developed stem and root systems. The seedlings were obtained from a collection of five trees in 13 provenances distributed throughout its natural range in Luzon. The outplanting consisted of a randomized complete block design, with each family having an individual four-seedling linear plot.

Data were taken on diameter, height and environmental parameters. Results were analyzed using Analysis of variance. In the analysis, source of variations were sub-divided according to random effects observed owing to provenance, the factors of interaction between provenance and replications and families within provenance. Computations were also made on the correlation coefficient for measure traits.

Most of the quantitative characters studied, except for diameter, showed significant differences associated with provenance. Likewise, significant differences were noted on families within provenance. The statistical differences noted in each parameter were interpreted as an expression of genetic variation variability since environmental effect or pressure as well as the altitude of seed source indicated non-correlation with the parameters studied.

Provenances from the Central Cordillera, Baguio and Kayapa, including that of Carranglan and Malibcong provenances, were found to be superior in terms of height growth over the rest of the provenances. In terms of diameter growth however, no significant differences were observed among provenances although the extreme or outlier provenances from Zambales, Piddig and Carranglan outperformed the other provenances from Central Cordillera.

Ramirez, Walter. 1982. Growth and Survival of the Different Cuttings of Fire Resistant Species Planted in Cogonal Areas. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Forest fire often occurs during dry season especially in cogonal areas. Due to inevitable destructive effect of fire to forests, it is recommended to plant fire- resistant species with forest flora especially in cogonal areas believed to be a quick fire-catching area that leads to the spread of fire in the forest. These species, if they survived, are the first one to minimize or stop the fire from spreading.

The study was conducted to determine the growth and survival of the different cuttings of fire resistant species planted in cogonal areas. The study was laid-out using the Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 blocks. The treatments used were: T₁- kakawate cuttings (Gliricidia sepium), T₂- teak cuttings (Tectona grandis), T₃ – Ipil –ipil cuttings (Leucaena leucocephala) and T_{4 -}yemane (Gmelina arborea).

Result showed that kakawate cuttings produced the highest mean on the height of sprouts and highest percentage survival. Teak cuttings registered the lowest.

Based on the results of the study, kakawate cuttings are recommended.

Reynon, Allen Clarence G. 1996. Effects of Different Root Hormone Concentrations on the Rooting Rate and Survival of Asexually Propagated Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Cuttings. BSc Thesis, Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Propagation by cuttings is a method of multiplying the vegetative parts of plants such as branches, leaves, buds and roots which are not from healthy parts of known variety. It is mostly practiced to species that produce short lived seeds and with plants which do not produce seeds regularly.

It aimed to determine the growth performance of mahogany cuttings as affected by different concentrations of Hormex root hormone and the optimum concentration of Hormex root inducing chemical for mahogany. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments such as: T₁ – control; T₂ – 0.15% AI; T₃ – 0.25% AI; T₄ - 0.35% AI; and T₅ – 0.45% AI.

The different concentrations of root hormone had no significant effect on the rooting and percentage survival of mahogany cuttings at different observation periods. Shoot diameter was significantly affected by the treatments of two and three weeks after planting, but were comparable at 4 weeks after planting. Length of shoot was insignificantly affected by the different treatments used.

Sanoan, Adelina. 1996. Growth and Survival of Himbabao (Broussonetia luzoniensis (Blanco) F. Vill.) Cuttings as Affected by Different Diameter Classes. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted from August 21, 1995 to October 22, 1995 at the Agroforestry Nursery, College of Agriculture and Forestry, North La Union Campus, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union. It aimed to evaluate the effects of diameter classes on the growth and survival of Himbabao cuttings. One hundred sixty cuttings, 40 for each of the diameter classes were used. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with four replications.

The following treatments were used: T₁ - 1.0 – 2.9 centimeters, T₂ - 3.0 – 4.9 centimeters, T₃ = 5.0 – 6.9 centimeters and T₄ = 7.0 – 8.9 centimeters.

Results of the study revealed that cuttings with smaller diameter (1.0 cm – 2.9 cm and 3.0 cm – 4.9 cm) were the first to have sprouts with identical means of 6.76 days. Cuttings with diameters 5.0 cm – 6.9 cm were the last to have sprouts at 9.34 days.

In terms of the number of sprouts that emerged after 30 days and 60 days from planting, the performance of the four diameter classes is comparable. Cuttings with diameters 5.0 cm – 6.9 cm had the highest number of sprouts with means of 3.68 and 3.79 respectively while the cuttings with diameter 1.0 cm – 2.9 cm had the least with means of 2.16 and 2.20, respectively.

With regards to the diameter of main sprouts after 30 days, cuttings with diameter classes 1.0 cm – 2.9 cm had the biggest at 3.35 mm while cuttings with diameter classes 7.0 cm – 8.9 cm had the highest at 6.30 mm 60 days after planting. Cuttings in diameter class 5.0 cm – 6.9 cm had the least diameter after 30 days and after 60 days with means of 2.46 mm and 4.85, respectively.

With respect to the length of sprouts after 30 days and 60 days from planting, cuttings in diameter class 3.0 – 4.9 cm had the longest with means of 20.00 cm and 41.21cm respectively. In contrast, cuttings in diameter class 5.0 – 6.9 cm had the shortest with means of 8.48 cm and 21.00 cm, respectively.

As to the number of roots produced 60 days from planting, cuttings in diameter class 7.0 cm – 8.9 cm had the highest with a mean of 3.37 while cuttings in diameter class 3.0 cm – 4.9 cm had the lowest with a mean of 2.24. Similar results were obtained in terms of percentage survival. Cuttings in diameter class 7.0 cm – 8.9 cm had the highest while cuttings in diameter class 3.0 cm – 4.9 cm had the lowest with means of 4.99% and 2.54%, respectively.

However, Analyses of variance on all the parameters revealed insignificant differences. Hence, any of the diameter classes compared can be used in cutting propagation.

Sentenillar, Analyn M. 2001. Effect of ANAA and Non-Mist Method of Propagation on the Rooting Performance of Large- Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Shoot Cuttings. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Vegetative propagation through cuttings is a very important tool in practical forest genetics work to establish seed orchard from selected trees.

This study aimed to determine the response of mahogany shoot cuttings treated with ANAA through the non-mist method.

One hundred twenty shoot cuttings of mahogany were propagated following the 3 x 2 factorial of Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The treatments used in the study were as follows: Factor A – method of ANAA application (A₀ - control, A₁ - dipped in ANAA for 1min, and A₂ - dipped in ANAA for 1min and watered with a mixture of ANAA and boiled water); and Factor B – non-mist method (B₁ - with cover and B₂ - without cover).

Results of the study revealed no significant differences in the final length and final diameter of the stem, length and diameter of the largest roots, and in the number of primary roots. Results revealed significant differences in the number of secondary roots and highly significant differences in the root biomass. Furthermore, results showed no significant interaction effect between the method of ANAA application and the non-mist method of ANAA application.

Based on the results of the study, the cuttings dipped in ANAA for 1min and watered with a mixture of boiled water and ANAA produced the most number of secondary roots. Non-mist method using covered propagation box produced the highest percentage survival of cuttings.

Taberdo, Reynaldo D. 1996. Vegetative Propagation of Three Ornamental Bamboo Species Under La Union Condition. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

This study was conducted to determine the best species and vegetative parts of ornamental bamboo for planting material; and to determine which among the three varieties of ornamental bamboo would give the greatest number of shoots, number of roots, best height of shoots, biggest diameter of shoots, and highest survival. It was conducted at the Agritech Training Center Bamboo Production, DMMMSU-NLUC, Bacnotan, La Union from September 16 to November 16, 1995.

One-hundred eighty selected cuttings of three different species of ornamental bamboo: hedges bamboo, straited bamboo and buddha bamboo, were propagated in the study and were laid out in two Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three treatments and two blocks.

The treatments used were the following: Factor A – Varieties: A_i – hedges bamboo, A₂ – straited bamboo, A₃ – Buddha bamboo; and Factor B – Different vegetative parts: B₁ – culm cuttings, B₂ – branch cutting.

The study revealed that on the length of sprouts of species of ornamental bamboo, there were highly significant differences between them while on the vegetative part, the result was comparable with each other. However, on the interaction effect, no significant difference was noted among the treatments used.

In terms of the diameter of sprouts, there was a highly significant difference between the species and vegetative parts. Buddha bamboo under culm cutting produced shoot with the biggest diameter compared to the other species that were used.

With regards to the number of sprouts, straited bamboo produced more sprouts than the other species but finally the interaction effect between species showed that there was highly significant difference with each other in terms of number of sprouts.

On the number of roots, Buddha bamboo produced the highest number of roots among the species but the interaction effect showed that the result was comparable with each other among the treatments used in the study.

On the length of roots of species of bamboo, Buddha bamboo had the tallest length of roots. On the interaction in terms of the vegetative parts of Buddha bamboo, highly significant difference was noted among the treatments used.

On the percentage survival, straited bamboo produced the highest survival among the species used. Likewise, the vegetative parts and the interaction had highly significant difference among them.

Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends the two species, which are straited and Buddha bamboo, in terms of culm cuttings that should be utilized as source of propagation materials for better growth of sprouts, roots, diameter and greater survival.

Yasay, Judilyn. 1992. The Effect of Different Lengths of Stump of Outplanted Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Seedlings on Cogonal Areas. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

In view of the economic importance of mahogany, it is important to have a study on the growth and survival of mahogany seedlings by stump planting.

The main objective of the study was to determine the best length of stump that will respond to the favorable growth and survival of mahogany seedlings outplanted in cogonal areas.

The design used in the study was the Randomized Complete Block Design with the different treatments used: A - 6 cm long, B - 8 cm long, C -10

cm long, D - 12 cm long. Results of the study revealed that seedlings with stump of 12 cm long gave the most number and longest sprouts, the longest and the highest percentage survival. However, the analysis of variance on all the parameters gave no significant differences among treatments used.

Further study may be conducted on the effect of different lengths of stumps on the growth and survival of mahogany seedlings by applying thinning on the sprout leaving only one to two sprouts per stump for a longer period of time.

Fertilization

Alcantara, Resty S. 1994. Growth and Survival of Outplanted Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) Applied with Different Rates of Mycovam. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

The general objective of this study was to determine the growth and survival of mahogany seedlings as affected by different rates of mycovam.

An area of 480 square meters with moderately rolling, with an approximately slope of 30-35 degrees was used in the study and laid out using RCBD. The different treatments used were the following: T₀– control, T₁ – 10 grams/seedling, T₂ – 15 grams/seedlings, and T₃ – 20 grams/seedlings.

The results revealed that the use of 20 grams/seedling of mycovam resulted to the greatest mean monthly height increment of the mahogany seedlings while the use of 15 grams/seedling resulted to the widest diameter mean monthly increment of the mahogany seedling. For percentage survival, the results showed that uninoculated seedlings obtained 100% survival, followed by T₁, T₂ and T₃ with identical mean percentage survival of 97.78%.

Based on the findings of the study, inoculation of mycovam at 20 grams/seedling had the greatest mean monthly height increment and inoculation of mycovam at 15 grams/seedling had the widest mean monthly diameter increment.

Belleza, Susan M. and Zaldy G. Ragasa. 1986. Performance of Outplanted Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) Seedling As Affected by Varying Rates of Swine Manure Application. BSc Thesis, DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines

Due to the worsening economic scenario, where the prices of basic needs and prime commodities like commercial fertilizers have been increasing, one should turn to the traditional use of organic fertilizers. This form of fertilizers could be derived from animal wastes such as those from swine.

This study was conducted to determine which of the different rates of swine manure application would result to the best growth and survival of Bagras seedlings.

The experimental design used in the study was the Randomized Complete Block Design with the following treatments: A – control, B – 0.343 kg/hill, C – 0.686 kg/hill and D – 1.029 kg/hill.